Known Direct Subclasses |
The Properties
class represents a persistent set of
properties. The Properties
can be saved to a stream
or loaded from a stream. Each key and its corresponding value in
the property list is a string.
A property list can contain another property list as its "defaults"; this second property list is searched if the property key is not found in the original property list.
Because Properties
inherits from Hashtable
, the
put
and putAll
methods can be applied to a
Properties
object. Their use is strongly discouraged as they
allow the caller to insert entries whose keys or values are not
Strings
. The setProperty
method should be used
instead. If the store
or save
method is called
on a "compromised" Properties
object that contains a
non-String
key or value, the call will fail. Similarly,
the call to the propertyNames
or list
method
will fail if it is called on a "compromised" Properties
object that contains a non-String
key.
The load(Reader)
/
store(Writer, String)
methods load and store properties from and to a character based stream
in a simple line-oriented format specified below.
The load(InputStream)
/
store(OutputStream, String)
methods work the same way as the load(Reader)/store(Writer, String) pair, except
the input/output stream is encoded in ISO 8859-1 character encoding.
Characters that cannot be directly represented in this encoding can be written using
Unicode escapes as defined in section 3.3 of
The Java™ Language Specification;
only a single 'u' character is allowed in an escape
sequence. The native2ascii tool can be used to convert property files to and
from other character encodings.
The loadFromXML(InputStream)
and storeToXML(OutputStream, String, String)
methods load and store properties
in a simple XML format. By default the UTF-8 character encoding is used,
however a specific encoding may be specified if required. Implementations
are required to support UTF-8 and UTF-16 and may support other encodings.
An XML properties document has the following DOCTYPE declaration:
<!DOCTYPE properties SYSTEM "http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd">Note that the system URI (http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd) is not accessed when exporting or importing properties; it merely serves as a string to uniquely identify the DTD, which is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- DTD for properties --> <!ELEMENT properties ( comment?, entry* ) > <!ATTLIST properties version CDATA #FIXED "1.0"> <!ELEMENT comment (#PCDATA) > <!ELEMENT entry (#PCDATA) > <!ATTLIST entry key CDATA #REQUIRED>
This class is thread-safe: multiple threads can share a single Properties object without the need for external synchronization.
Nested Class Summary
class | Properties.LineReader | Read in a "logical line" from an InputStream/Reader, skip all comment and blank lines and filter out those leading whitespace characters ( , and ) from the beginning of a "natural line". | |
interface | Properties.XmlLoader | Creates a dynamic dependency on XML support so that XML support can be excluded from the application binary without incurring link errors. |
Field Summary
protected Properties | defaults | A property list that contains default values for any keys not found in this property list. |
Public Constructor Summary
Properties()
Creates an empty property list with no default values.
|
|
Public Method Summary
String |
getProperty(String key, String defaultValue)
Searches for the property with the specified key in this property list.
|
String | |
void | |
void | |
synchronized void |
load(InputStream inStream)
Reads a property list (key and element pairs) from the input
byte stream.
|
synchronized void | |
synchronized void |
loadFromXML(InputStream in)
Loads all of the properties represented by the XML document on the
specified input stream into this properties table.
|
Enumeration<?> |
propertyNames()
Returns an enumeration of all the keys in this property list,
including distinct keys in the default property list if a key
of the same name has not already been found from the main
properties list.
|
void |
save(OutputStream out, String comments)
This method is deprecated.
This method does not throw an IOException if an I/O error
occurs while saving the property list. The preferred way to save a
properties list is via the
store(OutputStream out,
String comments) method or the
storeToXML(OutputStream os, String comment) method. |
synchronized Object | |
void |
store(OutputStream out, String comments)
Writes this property list (key and element pairs) in this
Properties table to the output stream in a format suitable
for loading into a Properties table using the
load(InputStream) method. |
void |
store(Writer writer, String comments)
Writes this property list (key and element pairs) in this
Properties table to the output character stream in a
format suitable for using the load(Reader)
method. |
void |
storeToXML(OutputStream os, String comment, String encoding)
Emits an XML document representing all of the properties contained
in this table, using the specified encoding.
|
void |
storeToXML(OutputStream os, String comment)
Emits an XML document representing all of the properties contained
in this table.
|
Set<String> |
stringPropertyNames()
Returns a set of keys in this property list where
the key and its corresponding value are strings,
including distinct keys in the default property list if a key
of the same name has not already been found from the main
properties list.
|
Inherited Method Summary
Fields
protected Properties defaults
A property list that contains default values for any keys not found in this property list.
Public Constructors
public Properties ()
Creates an empty property list with no default values.
public Properties (Properties defaults)
Creates an empty property list with the specified defaults.
Parameters
defaults | the defaults. |
---|
Public Methods
public String getProperty (String key, String defaultValue)
Searches for the property with the specified key in this property list. If the key is not found in this property list, the default property list, and its defaults, recursively, are then checked. The method returns the default value argument if the property is not found.
Parameters
key | the hashtable key. |
---|---|
defaultValue | a default value. |
Returns
- the value in this property list with the specified key value.
See Also
public String getProperty (String key)
Searches for the property with the specified key in this property list.
If the key is not found in this property list, the default property list,
and its defaults, recursively, are then checked. The method returns
null
if the property is not found.
Parameters
key | the property key. |
---|
Returns
- the value in this property list with the specified key value.
See Also
public void list (PrintStream out)
Prints this property list out to the specified output stream. This method is useful for debugging.
Parameters
out | an output stream. |
---|
Throws
ClassCastException | if any key in this property list is not a string. |
---|
public void list (PrintWriter out)
Prints this property list out to the specified output stream. This method is useful for debugging.
Parameters
out | an output stream. |
---|
Throws
ClassCastException | if any key in this property list is not a string. |
---|
public synchronized void load (InputStream inStream)
Reads a property list (key and element pairs) from the input
byte stream. The input stream is in a simple line-oriented
format as specified in
load(Reader)
and is assumed to use
the ISO 8859-1 character encoding; that is each byte is one Latin1
character. Characters not in Latin1, and certain special characters,
are represented in keys and elements using Unicode escapes as defined in
section 3.3 of
The Java™ Language Specification.
The specified stream remains open after this method returns.
Parameters
inStream | the input stream. |
---|
Throws
IOException | if an error occurred when reading from the input stream. |
---|---|
IllegalArgumentException | if the input stream contains a malformed Unicode escape sequence. |
public synchronized void load (Reader reader)
Reads a property list (key and element pairs) from the input character stream in a simple line-oriented format.
Properties are processed in terms of lines. There are two
kinds of line, natural lines and logical lines.
A natural line is defined as a line of
characters that is terminated either by a set of line terminator
characters (\n
or \r
or \r\n
)
or by the end of the stream. A natural line may be either a blank line,
a comment line, or hold all or some of a key-element pair. A logical
line holds all the data of a key-element pair, which may be spread
out across several adjacent natural lines by escaping
the line terminator sequence with a backslash character
\
. Note that a comment line cannot be extended
in this manner; every natural line that is a comment must have
its own comment indicator, as described below. Lines are read from
input until the end of the stream is reached.
A natural line that contains only white space characters is
considered blank and is ignored. A comment line has an ASCII
'#'
or '!'
as its first non-white
space character; comment lines are also ignored and do not
encode key-element information. In addition to line
terminators, this format considers the characters space
(' '
, '\u0020'
), tab
('\t'
, '\u0009'
), and form feed
('\f'
, '\u000C'
) to be white
space.
If a logical line is spread across several natural lines, the backslash escaping the line terminator sequence, the line terminator sequence, and any white space at the start of the following line have no affect on the key or element values. The remainder of the discussion of key and element parsing (when loading) will assume all the characters constituting the key and element appear on a single natural line after line continuation characters have been removed. Note that it is not sufficient to only examine the character preceding a line terminator sequence to decide if the line terminator is escaped; there must be an odd number of contiguous backslashes for the line terminator to be escaped. Since the input is processed from left to right, a non-zero even number of 2n contiguous backslashes before a line terminator (or elsewhere) encodes n backslashes after escape processing.
The key contains all of the characters in the line starting
with the first non-white space character and up to, but not
including, the first unescaped '='
,
':'
, or white space character other than a line
terminator. All of these key termination characters may be
included in the key by escaping them with a preceding backslash
character; for example,
\:\=
would be the two-character key ":="
. Line
terminator characters can be included using \r
and
\n
escape sequences. Any white space after the
key is skipped; if the first non-white space character after
the key is '='
or ':'
, then it is
ignored and any white space characters after it are also
skipped. All remaining characters on the line become part of
the associated element string; if there are no remaining
characters, the element is the empty string
""
. Once the raw character sequences
constituting the key and element are identified, escape
processing is performed as described above.
As an example, each of the following three lines specifies the key
"Truth"
and the associated element value
"Beauty"
:
Truth = Beauty Truth:Beauty Truth :BeautyAs another example, the following three lines specify a single property:
fruits apple, banana, pear, \ cantaloupe, watermelon, \ kiwi, mangoThe key is
"fruits"
and the associated element is:
"apple, banana, pear, cantaloupe, watermelon, kiwi, mango"Note that a space appears before each
\
so that a space
will appear after each comma in the final result; the \
,
line terminator, and leading white space on the continuation line are
merely discarded and are not replaced by one or more other
characters.
As a third example, the line:
cheesesspecifies that the key is
"cheeses"
and the associated
element is the empty string ""
.
Characters in keys and elements can be represented in escape sequences similar to those used for character and string literals (see sections 3.3 and 3.10.6 of The Java™ Language Specification). The differences from the character escape sequences and Unicode escapes used for characters and strings are:
- Octal escapes are not recognized.
- The character sequence
\b
does not represent a backspace character. - The method does not treat a backslash character,
\
, before a non-valid escape character as an error; the backslash is silently dropped. For example, in a Java string the sequence"\z"
would cause a compile time error. In contrast, this method silently drops the backslash. Therefore, this method treats the two character sequence"\b"
as equivalent to the single character'b'
. - Escapes are not necessary for single and double quotes; however, by the rule above, single and double quote characters preceded by a backslash still yield single and double quote characters, respectively.
- Only a single 'u' character is allowed in a Unicode escape sequence.
The specified stream remains open after this method returns.
Parameters
reader | the input character stream. |
---|
Throws
IOException | if an error occurred when reading from the input stream. |
---|---|
IllegalArgumentException | if a malformed Unicode escape appears in the input. |
public synchronized void loadFromXML (InputStream in)
Loads all of the properties represented by the XML document on the specified input stream into this properties table.
The XML document must have the following DOCTYPE declaration:
<!DOCTYPE properties SYSTEM "http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd">Furthermore, the document must satisfy the properties DTD described above.
An implementation is required to read XML documents that use the
"UTF-8
" or "UTF-16
" encoding. An implementation may
support additional encodings.
The specified stream is closed after this method returns.
Parameters
in | the input stream from which to read the XML document. |
---|
Throws
IOException | if reading from the specified input stream results in an IOException. |
---|---|
UnsupportedEncodingException | if the document's encoding declaration can be read and it specifies an encoding that is not supported |
InvalidPropertiesFormatException | Data on input stream does not constitute a valid XML document with the mandated document type. |
NullPointerException | if in is null. |
public Enumeration<?> propertyNames ()
Returns an enumeration of all the keys in this property list, including distinct keys in the default property list if a key of the same name has not already been found from the main properties list.
Returns
- an enumeration of all the keys in this property list, including the keys in the default property list.
Throws
ClassCastException | if any key in this property list is not a string. |
---|
public void save (OutputStream out, String comments)
This method is deprecated.
This method does not throw an IOException if an I/O error
occurs while saving the property list. The preferred way to save a
properties list is via the store(OutputStream out,
String comments)
method or the
storeToXML(OutputStream os, String comment)
method.
Calls the store(OutputStream out, String comments)
method
and suppresses IOExceptions that were thrown.
Parameters
out | an output stream. |
---|---|
comments | a description of the property list. |
Throws
ClassCastException | if this Properties object
contains any keys or values that are not
Strings .
|
---|
public synchronized Object setProperty (String key, String value)
Calls the Hashtable method put
. Provided for
parallelism with the getProperty method. Enforces use of
strings for property keys and values. The value returned is the
result of the Hashtable call to put
.
Parameters
key | the key to be placed into this property list. |
---|---|
value | the value corresponding to key. |
Returns
- the previous value of the specified key in this property
list, or
null
if it did not have one.
See Also
public void store (OutputStream out, String comments)
Writes this property list (key and element pairs) in this
Properties
table to the output stream in a format suitable
for loading into a Properties
table using the
load(InputStream)
method.
Properties from the defaults table of this Properties
table (if any) are not written out by this method.
This method outputs the comments, properties keys and values in
the same format as specified in
store(Writer)
,
with the following differences:
- The stream is written using the ISO 8859-1 character encoding.
- Characters not in Latin-1 in the comments are written as
\u
xxxx for their appropriate unicode hexadecimal value xxxx. - Characters less than
\u0020
and characters greater than\u007E
in property keys or values are written as\u
xxxx for the appropriate hexadecimal value xxxx.
After the entries have been written, the output stream is flushed. The output stream remains open after this method returns.
Parameters
out | an output stream. |
---|---|
comments | a description of the property list. |
Throws
IOException | if writing this property list to the specified output stream throws an IOException. |
---|---|
ClassCastException | if this Properties object
contains any keys or values that are not Strings . |
NullPointerException | if out is null. |
public void store (Writer writer, String comments)
Writes this property list (key and element pairs) in this
Properties
table to the output character stream in a
format suitable for using the load(Reader)
method.
Properties from the defaults table of this Properties
table (if any) are not written out by this method.
If the comments argument is not null, then an ASCII #
character, the comments string, and a line separator are first written
to the output stream. Thus, the comments
can serve as an
identifying comment. Any one of a line feed ('\n'), a carriage
return ('\r'), or a carriage return followed immediately by a line feed
in comments is replaced by a line separator generated by the Writer
and if the next character in comments is not character #
or
character !
then an ASCII #
is written out
after that line separator.
Next, a comment line is always written, consisting of an ASCII
#
character, the current date and time (as if produced
by the toString
method of Date
for the
current time), and a line separator as generated by the Writer
.
Then every entry in this Properties
table is
written out, one per line. For each entry the key string is
written, then an ASCII =
, then the associated
element string. For the key, all space characters are
written with a preceding \
character. For the
element, leading space characters, but not embedded or trailing
space characters, are written with a preceding \
character. The key and element characters #
,
!
, =
, and :
are written
with a preceding backslash to ensure that they are properly loaded.
After the entries have been written, the output stream is flushed. The output stream remains open after this method returns.
Parameters
writer | an output character stream writer. |
---|---|
comments | a description of the property list. |
Throws
IOException | if writing this property list to the specified output stream throws an IOException. |
---|---|
ClassCastException | if this Properties object
contains any keys or values that are not Strings . |
NullPointerException | if writer is null. |
public void storeToXML (OutputStream os, String comment, String encoding)
Emits an XML document representing all of the properties contained in this table, using the specified encoding.
The XML document will have the following DOCTYPE declaration:
<!DOCTYPE properties SYSTEM "http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd">
If the specified comment is null
then no comment
will be stored in the document.
An implementation is required to support writing of XML documents
that use the "UTF-8
" or "UTF-16
" encoding. An
implementation may support additional encodings.
The specified stream remains open after this method returns.
Parameters
os | the output stream on which to emit the XML document. |
---|---|
comment | a description of the property list, or null
if no comment is desired. |
encoding | the name of a supported character encoding |
Throws
IOException | if writing to the specified output stream results in an IOException. |
---|---|
UnsupportedEncodingException | if the encoding is not supported by the implementation. |
NullPointerException | if os is null ,
or if encoding is null . |
ClassCastException | if this Properties object
contains any keys or values that are not
Strings . |
public void storeToXML (OutputStream os, String comment)
Emits an XML document representing all of the properties contained in this table.
An invocation of this method of the form props.storeToXML(os, comment) behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation props.storeToXML(os, comment, "UTF-8");.
Parameters
os | the output stream on which to emit the XML document. |
---|---|
comment | a description of the property list, or null
if no comment is desired. |
Throws
IOException | if writing to the specified output stream results in an IOException. |
---|---|
NullPointerException | if os is null. |
ClassCastException | if this Properties object
contains any keys or values that are not
Strings . |
See Also
public Set<String> stringPropertyNames ()
Returns a set of keys in this property list where the key and its corresponding value are strings, including distinct keys in the default property list if a key of the same name has not already been found from the main properties list. Properties whose key or value is not of type String are omitted.
The returned set is not backed by the Properties object. Changes to this Properties are not reflected in the set, or vice versa.
Returns
- a set of keys in this property list where the key and its corresponding value are strings, including the keys in the default property list.