Long

public final class Long extends Number
implements Comparable<Long>

The Long class wraps a value of the primitive type long in an object. An object of type Long contains a single field whose type is long.

In addition, this class provides several methods for converting a long to a String and a String to a long, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing with a long.

Implementation note: The implementations of the "bit twiddling" methods (such as highestOneBit and numberOfTrailingZeros) are based on material from Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s Hacker's Delight, (Addison Wesley, 2002).

Constant Summary

int	BYTES	The number of bytes used to represent a long value in two's complement binary form.
long	MAX_VALUE	A constant holding the maximum value a long can have, 2^63-1.
long	MIN_VALUE	A constant holding the minimum value a long can have, -2^63.
int	SIZE	The number of bits used to represent a long value in two's complement binary form.

Field Summary

public static final Class<Long>

TYPE

The Class instance representing the primitive type long.

Public Constructor Summary

	Long(long value) Constructs a newly allocated Long object that represents the specified long argument.
	Long(String s) Constructs a newly allocated Long object that represents the long value indicated by the String parameter.

Public Method Summary

static int	bitCount(long i) Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value.
byte	byteValue() Returns the value of this Long as a byte after a narrowing primitive conversion.
static int	compare(long x, long y) Compares two long values numerically.
int	compareTo(Long anotherLong) Compares two Long objects numerically.
static int	compareUnsigned(long x, long y) Compares two long values numerically treating the values as unsigned.
static Long	decode(String nm) Decodes a String into a Long.
static long	divideUnsigned(long dividend, long divisor) Returns the unsigned quotient of dividing the first argument by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as an unsigned value.
double	doubleValue() Returns the value of this Long as a double after a widening primitive conversion.
boolean	equals(Object obj) Compares this object to the specified object.
float	floatValue() Returns the value of this Long as a float after a widening primitive conversion.
static Long	getLong(String nm, Long val) Returns the long value of the system property with the specified name.
static Long	getLong(String nm) Determines the long value of the system property with the specified name.
static Long	getLong(String nm, long val) Determines the long value of the system property with the specified name.
int	hashCode() Returns a hash code for this Long.
static int	hashCode(long value) Returns a hash code for a long value; compatible with Long.hashCode().
static long	highestOneBit(long i) Returns a long value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specified long value.
int	intValue() Returns the value of this Long as an int after a narrowing primitive conversion.
long	longValue() Returns the value of this Long as a long value.
static long	lowestOneBit(long i) Returns a long value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specified long value.
static long	max(long a, long b) Returns the greater of two long values as if by calling Math.max.
static long	min(long a, long b) Returns the smaller of two long values as if by calling Math.min.
static int	numberOfLeadingZeros(long i) Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value.
static int	numberOfTrailingZeros(long i) Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value.
static long	parseLong(String s) Parses the string argument as a signed decimal long.
static long	parseLong(String s, int radix) Parses the string argument as a signed long in the radix specified by the second argument.
static long	parseUnsignedLong(String s) Parses the string argument as an unsigned decimal long.
static long	parseUnsignedLong(String s, int radix) Parses the string argument as an unsigned long in the radix specified by the second argument.
static long	remainderUnsigned(long dividend, long divisor) Returns the unsigned remainder from dividing the first argument by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as an unsigned value.
static long	reverse(long i) Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value.
static long	reverseBytes(long i) Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the two's complement representation of the specified long value.
static long	rotateLeft(long i, int distance) Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value left by the specified number of bits.
static long	rotateRight(long i, int distance) Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value right by the specified number of bits.
short	shortValue() Returns the value of this Long as a short after a narrowing primitive conversion.
static int	signum(long i) Returns the signum function of the specified long value.
static long	sum(long a, long b) Adds two long values together as per the + operator.
static String	toBinaryString(long i) Returns a string representation of the long argument as an unsigned integer in base 2.
static String	toHexString(long i) Returns a string representation of the long argument as an unsigned integer in base 16.
static String	toOctalString(long i) Returns a string representation of the long argument as an unsigned integer in base 8.
static String	toString(long i, int radix) Returns a string representation of the first argument in the radix specified by the second argument.
String	toString() Returns a String object representing this Long's value.
static String	toString(long i) Returns a String object representing the specified long.
static String	toUnsignedString(long i) Returns a string representation of the argument as an unsigned decimal value.
static String	toUnsignedString(long i, int radix) Returns a string representation of the first argument as an unsigned integer value in the radix specified by the second argument.
static Long	valueOf(String s) Returns a Long object holding the value of the specified String.
static Long	valueOf(String s, int radix) Returns a Long object holding the value extracted from the specified String when parsed with the radix given by the second argument.
static Long	valueOf(long l) Returns a Long instance representing the specified long value.

Inherited Method Summary

From class java.lang.Number

byte	byteValue() Returns the value of the specified number as a byte, which may involve rounding or truncation.
abstract double	doubleValue() Returns the value of the specified number as a double, which may involve rounding.
abstract float	floatValue() Returns the value of the specified number as a float, which may involve rounding.
abstract int	intValue() Returns the value of the specified number as an int, which may involve rounding or truncation.
abstract long	longValue() Returns the value of the specified number as a long, which may involve rounding or truncation.
short	shortValue() Returns the value of the specified number as a short, which may involve rounding or truncation.

From class java.lang.Object

Object	clone() Creates and returns a copy of this Object.
boolean	equals(Object obj) Compares this instance with the specified object and indicates if they are equal.
void	finalize() Invoked when the garbage collector has detected that this instance is no longer reachable.
final Class<?>	getClass() Returns the unique instance of Class that represents this object's class.
int	hashCode() Returns an integer hash code for this object.
final void	notify() Causes a thread which is waiting on this object's monitor (by means of calling one of the wait() methods) to be woken up.
final void	notifyAll() Causes all threads which are waiting on this object's monitor (by means of calling one of the wait() methods) to be woken up.
String	toString() Returns a string containing a concise, human-readable description of this object.
final void	wait(long timeout, int nanos) Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the notify() or notifyAll() method of this object or until the specified timeout expires.
final void	wait(long timeout) Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the notify() or notifyAll() method of this object or until the specified timeout expires.
final void	wait() Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the notify() or notifyAll() method of this object.

From interface java.lang.Comparable

abstract int

compareTo(Long o) Compares this object with the specified object for order.

Constants

public static final int BYTES

The number of bytes used to represent a long value in two's complement binary form.

Constant Value: 8

public static final long MAX_VALUE

A constant holding the maximum value a long can have, 2⁶³-1.

Constant Value: 9223372036854775807

public static final long MIN_VALUE

A constant holding the minimum value a long can have, -2⁶³.

Constant Value: -9223372036854775808

public static final int SIZE

The number of bits used to represent a long value in two's complement binary form.

Constant Value: 64

Fields

public static final Class<Long> TYPE

The Class instance representing the primitive type long.

Public Constructors

public Long (long value)

Constructs a newly allocated Long object that represents the specified long argument.

Parameters

value	the value to be represented by the Long object.

public Long (String s)

Constructs a newly allocated Long object that represents the long value indicated by the String parameter. The string is converted to a long value in exactly the manner used by the parseLong method for radix 10.

Parameters

s	the String to be converted to a Long.

Throws

NumberFormatException	if the String does not contain a parsable long.

See Also

• parseLong(java.lang.String, int)

Public Methods

public static int bitCount (long i)

Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value. This function is sometimes referred to as the population count.

Parameters

i	the value whose bits are to be counted

Returns

• the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value.

public byte byteValue ()

Returns the value of this Long as a byte after a narrowing primitive conversion.

Returns

• the numeric value represented by this object after conversion to type byte.

public static int compare (long x, long y)

Compares two long values numerically. The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:

    Long.valueOf(x).compareTo(Long.valueOf(y))
 

Parameters

x	the first long to compare
y	the second long to compare

Returns

• the value 0 if x == y; a value less than 0 if x < y; and a value greater than 0 if x > y

public int compareTo (Long anotherLong)

Compares two Long objects numerically.

Parameters

anotherLong	the Long to be compared.

Returns

• the value 0 if this Long is equal to the argument Long; a value less than 0 if this Long is numerically less than the argument Long; and a value greater than 0 if this Long is numerically greater than the argument Long (signed comparison).

public static int compareUnsigned (long x, long y)

Compares two long values numerically treating the values as unsigned.

Parameters

x	the first long to compare
y	the second long to compare

Returns

• the value 0 if x == y; a value less than 0 if x < y as unsigned values; and a value greater than 0 if x > y as unsigned values

public static Long decode (String nm)

Decodes a String into a Long. Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by the following grammar:

DecodableString:

Sign_opt DecimalNumeral

Sign_opt 0x HexDigits

Sign_opt 0X HexDigits

Sign_opt # HexDigits

Sign_opt 0 OctalDigits

Sign:

-

+

DecimalNumeral, HexDigits, and OctalDigits are as defined in section 3.10.1 of The Java™ Language Specification, except that underscores are not accepted between digits.

The sequence of characters following an optional sign and/or radix specifier ("0x", "0X", "#", or leading zero) is parsed as by the Long.parseLong method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8). This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or a NumberFormatException will be thrown. The result is negated if first character of the specified String is the minus sign. No whitespace characters are permitted in the String.

Parameters

nm	the String to decode.

Returns

• a Long object holding the long value represented by nm

Throws

NumberFormatException	if the String does not contain a parsable long.

See Also

• parseLong(String, int)

public static long divideUnsigned (long dividend, long divisor)

Returns the unsigned quotient of dividing the first argument by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as an unsigned value.

Note that in two's complement arithmetic, the three other basic arithmetic operations of add, subtract, and multiply are bit-wise identical if the two operands are regarded as both being signed or both being unsigned. Therefore separate addUnsigned, etc. methods are not provided.

Parameters

dividend	the value to be divided
divisor	the value doing the dividing

Returns

• the unsigned quotient of the first argument divided by the second argument

See Also

• remainderUnsigned(long, long)

public double doubleValue ()

Returns the value of this Long as a double after a widening primitive conversion.

Returns

• the numeric value represented by this object after conversion to type double.

public boolean equals (Object obj)

Compares this object to the specified object. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a Long object that contains the same long value as this object.

Parameters

obj	the object to compare with.

Returns

• true if the objects are the same; false otherwise.

public float floatValue ()

Returns the value of this Long as a float after a widening primitive conversion.

Returns

• the numeric value represented by this object after conversion to type float.

public static Long getLong (String nm, Long val)

Returns the long value of the system property with the specified name. The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. System properties are accessible through the System.getProperty(java.lang.String) method. The string value of this property is then interpreted as a long value, as per the decode method, and a Long object representing this value is returned; in summary:

• If the property value begins with the two ASCII characters 0x or the ASCII character #, not followed by a minus sign, then the rest of it is parsed as a hexadecimal integer exactly as for the method valueOf(java.lang.String, int) with radix 16.
• If the property value begins with the ASCII character 0 followed by another character, it is parsed as an octal integer exactly as by the method valueOf(java.lang.String, int) with radix 8.
• Otherwise the property value is parsed as a decimal integer exactly as by the method valueOf(java.lang.String, int) with radix 10.

Note that, in every case, neither L ('\u004C') nor l ('\u006C') is permitted to appear at the end of the property value as a type indicator, as would be permitted in Java programming language source code.

The second argument is the default value. The default value is returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty or null.

Parameters

nm	property name.
val	default value.

Returns

• the Long value of the property.

Throws

SecurityException	for the same reasons as System.getProperty

See Also

• System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
• System.getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

public static Long getLong (String nm)

Determines the long value of the system property with the specified name.

The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. System properties are accessible through the System.getProperty(java.lang.String) method. The string value of this property is then interpreted as a long value using the grammar supported by decode and a Long object representing this value is returned.

If there is no property with the specified name, if the specified name is empty or null, or if the property does not have the correct numeric format, then null is returned.

In other words, this method returns a Long object equal to the value of:

getLong(nm, null)

Parameters

nm	property name.

Returns

• the Long value of the property.

Throws

SecurityException	for the same reasons as System.getProperty

See Also

• System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
• System.getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

public static Long getLong (String nm, long val)

Determines the long value of the system property with the specified name.

The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. System properties are accessible through the System.getProperty(java.lang.String) method. The string value of this property is then interpreted as a long value using the grammar supported by decode and a Long object representing this value is returned.

The second argument is the default value. A Long object that represents the value of the second argument is returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty or null.

In other words, this method returns a Long object equal to the value of:

getLong(nm, new Long(val))

but in practice it may be implemented in a manner such as:

 Long result = getLong(nm, null);
 return (result == null) ? new Long(val) : result;
 

to avoid the unnecessary allocation of a Long object when the default value is not needed.

Parameters

nm	property name.
val	default value.

Returns

• the Long value of the property.

Throws

SecurityException	for the same reasons as System.getProperty

See Also

• System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
• System.getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)

public int hashCode ()

Returns a hash code for this Long. The result is the exclusive OR of the two halves of the primitive long value held by this Long object. That is, the hashcode is the value of the expression:

(int)(this.longValue()^(this.longValue()>>>32))

Returns

• a hash code value for this object.

public static int hashCode (long value)

Returns a hash code for a long value; compatible with Long.hashCode().

Parameters

value	the value to hash

Returns

• a hash code value for a long value.

public static long highestOneBit (long i)

Returns a long value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specified long value. Returns zero if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it is equal to zero.

Parameters

i	the value whose highest one bit is to be computed

Returns

• a long value with a single one-bit, in the position of the highest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if the specified value is itself equal to zero.

public int intValue ()

Returns the value of this Long as an int after a narrowing primitive conversion.

Returns

• the numeric value represented by this object after conversion to type int.

public long longValue ()

Returns the value of this Long as a long value.

Returns

• the numeric value represented by this object after conversion to type long.

public static long lowestOneBit (long i)

Returns a long value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specified long value. Returns zero if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it is equal to zero.

Parameters

i	the value whose lowest one bit is to be computed

Returns

• a long value with a single one-bit, in the position of the lowest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if the specified value is itself equal to zero.

public static long max (long a, long b)

Returns the greater of two long values as if by calling Math.max.

Parameters

a	the first operand
b	the second operand

Returns

• the greater of a and b

See Also

• BinaryOperator

public static long min (long a, long b)

Returns the smaller of two long values as if by calling Math.min.

Parameters

a	the first operand
b	the second operand

Returns

• the smaller of a and b

See Also

• BinaryOperator

public static int numberOfLeadingZeros (long i)

Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value. Returns 64 if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is equal to zero.

Note that this method is closely related to the logarithm base 2. For all positive long values x:

• floor(log₂(x)) = 63 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x)
• ceil(log₂(x)) = 64 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x - 1)

Parameters

i	the value whose number of leading zeros is to be computed

Returns

• the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value, or 64 if the value is equal to zero.

public static int numberOfTrailingZeros (long i)

Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value. Returns 64 if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is equal to zero.

Parameters

i	the value whose number of trailing zeros is to be computed

Returns

• the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value, or 64 if the value is equal to zero.

public static long parseLong (String s)

Parses the string argument as a signed decimal long. The characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign '-' (\u002D') to indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign '+' ('\u002B') to indicate a positive value. The resulting long value is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the parseLong(java.lang.String, int) method.

Note that neither the character L ('\u004C') nor l ('\u006C') is permitted to appear at the end of the string as a type indicator, as would be permitted in Java programming language source code.

Parameters

s	a String containing the long representation to be parsed

Returns

• the long represented by the argument in decimal.

Throws

NumberFormatException	if the string does not contain a parsable long.

public static long parseLong (String s, int radix)

Parses the string argument as a signed long in the radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the string must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by whether Character.digit(char, int) returns a nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign '-' ('\u002D') to indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign '+' ('\u002B') to indicate a positive value. The resulting long value is returned.

Note that neither the character L ('\u004C') nor l ('\u006C') is permitted to appear at the end of the string as a type indicator, as would be permitted in Java programming language source code - except that either L or l may appear as a digit for a radix greater than or equal to 22.

An exception of type NumberFormatException is thrown if any of the following situations occurs:

• The first argument is null or is a string of length zero.
• The radix is either smaller than Character.MIN_RADIX or larger than Character.MAX_RADIX.
• Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign '-' ('\u002d') or plus sign '+' ('\u002B') provided that the string is longer than length 1.
• The value represented by the string is not a value of type long.

Examples:

 parseLong("0", 10) returns 0L
 parseLong("473", 10) returns 473L
 parseLong("+42", 10) returns 42L
 parseLong("-0", 10) returns 0L
 parseLong("-FF", 16) returns -255L
 parseLong("1100110", 2) returns 102L
 parseLong("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException
 parseLong("Hazelnut", 10) throws a NumberFormatException
 parseLong("Hazelnut", 36) returns 1356099454469L
 

Parameters

s	the String containing the long representation to be parsed.
radix	the radix to be used while parsing s.

Returns

• the long represented by the string argument in the specified radix.

Throws

NumberFormatException	if the string does not contain a parsable long.

public static long parseUnsignedLong (String s)

Parses the string argument as an unsigned decimal long. The characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except that the first character may be an an ASCII plus sign '+' ('\u002B'). The resulting integer value is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the parseUnsignedLong(java.lang.String, int) method.

Parameters

s	a String containing the unsigned long representation to be parsed

Returns

• the unsigned long value represented by the decimal string argument

Throws

NumberFormatException	if the string does not contain a parsable unsigned integer.

public static long parseUnsignedLong (String s, int radix)

Parses the string argument as an unsigned long in the radix specified by the second argument. An unsigned integer maps the values usually associated with negative numbers to positive numbers larger than MAX_VALUE. The characters in the string must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by whether Character.digit(char, int) returns a nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an ASCII plus sign '+' ('\u002B'). The resulting integer value is returned.

An exception of type NumberFormatException is thrown if any of the following situations occurs:

• The first argument is null or is a string of length zero.
• The radix is either smaller than Character.MIN_RADIX or larger than Character.MAX_RADIX.
• Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified radix, except that the first character may be a plus sign '+' ('\u002B') provided that the string is longer than length 1.
• The value represented by the string is larger than the largest unsigned long, 2⁶⁴-1.

Parameters

s	the String containing the unsigned integer representation to be parsed
radix	the radix to be used while parsing s.

Returns

• the unsigned long represented by the string argument in the specified radix.

Throws

NumberFormatException	if the String does not contain a parsable long.

public static long remainderUnsigned (long dividend, long divisor)

Returns the unsigned remainder from dividing the first argument by the second where each argument and the result is interpreted as an unsigned value.

Parameters

dividend	the value to be divided
divisor	the value doing the dividing

Returns

• the unsigned remainder of the first argument divided by the second argument

See Also

• divideUnsigned(long, long)

public static long reverse (long i)

Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value.

Parameters

i	the value to be reversed

Returns

• the value obtained by reversing order of the bits in the specified long value.

public static long reverseBytes (long i)

Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the two's complement representation of the specified long value.

Parameters

i	the value whose bytes are to be reversed

Returns

• the value obtained by reversing the bytes in the specified long value.

public static long rotateLeft (long i, int distance)

Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value left by the specified number of bits. (Bits shifted out of the left hand, or high-order, side reenter on the right, or low-order.)

Note that left rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to right rotation: rotateLeft(val, -distance) == rotateRight(val, distance). Note also that rotation by any multiple of 64 is a no-op, so all but the last six bits of the rotation distance can be ignored, even if the distance is negative: rotateLeft(val, distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance & 0x3F).

Parameters

i	the value whose bits are to be rotated left
distance	the number of bit positions to rotate left

Returns

• the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value left by the specified number of bits.

public static long rotateRight (long i, int distance)

Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value right by the specified number of bits. (Bits shifted out of the right hand, or low-order, side reenter on the left, or high-order.)

Note that right rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to left rotation: rotateRight(val, -distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance). Note also that rotation by any multiple of 64 is a no-op, so all but the last six bits of the rotation distance can be ignored, even if the distance is negative: rotateRight(val, distance) == rotateRight(val, distance & 0x3F).

Parameters

i	the value whose bits are to be rotated right
distance	the number of bit positions to rotate right

Returns

• the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specified long value right by the specified number of bits.

public short shortValue ()

Returns the value of this Long as a short after a narrowing primitive conversion.

Returns

• the numeric value represented by this object after conversion to type short.

public static int signum (long i)

Returns the signum function of the specified long value. (The return value is -1 if the specified value is negative; 0 if the specified value is zero; and 1 if the specified value is positive.)

Parameters

i	the value whose signum is to be computed

Returns

• the signum function of the specified long value.

public static long sum (long a, long b)

Adds two long values together as per the + operator.

Parameters

a	the first operand
b	the second operand

Returns

• the sum of a and b

See Also

• BinaryOperator

public static String toBinaryString (long i)

Returns a string representation of the long argument as an unsigned integer in base 2.

The unsigned long value is the argument plus 2⁶⁴ if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits in binary (base 2) with no extra leading 0s.

The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned string s by calling Long.parseUnsignedLong(s, 2).

If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character '0' ('\u0030'); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The characters '0' ('\u0030') and '1' ('\u0031') are used as binary digits.

Parameters

i	a long to be converted to a string.

Returns

• the string representation of the unsigned long value represented by the argument in binary (base 2).

See Also

• parseUnsignedLong(String, int)
• toUnsignedString(long, int)

public static String toHexString (long i)

Returns a string representation of the long argument as an unsigned integer in base 16.

The unsigned long value is the argument plus 2⁶⁴ if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits in hexadecimal (base 16) with no extra leading 0s.

The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned string s by calling Long.parseUnsignedLong(s, 16).

If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character '0' ('\u0030'); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The following characters are used as hexadecimal digits:

0123456789abcdef

These are the characters '\u0030' through '\u0039' and '\u0061' through '\u0066'. If uppercase letters are desired, the String.toUpperCase() method may be called on the result:

Long.toHexString(n).toUpperCase()

Parameters

i	a long to be converted to a string.

Returns

• the string representation of the unsigned long value represented by the argument in hexadecimal (base 16).

See Also

• parseUnsignedLong(String, int)
• toUnsignedString(long, int)

public static String toOctalString (long i)

Returns a string representation of the long argument as an unsigned integer in base 8.

The unsigned long value is the argument plus 2⁶⁴ if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits in octal (base 8) with no extra leading 0s.

The value of the argument can be recovered from the returned string s by calling Long.parseUnsignedLong(s, 8).

If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character '0' ('\u0030'); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The following characters are used as octal digits:

01234567

These are the characters '\u0030' through '\u0037'.

Parameters

i	a long to be converted to a string.

Returns

• the string representation of the unsigned long value represented by the argument in octal (base 8).

See Also

• parseUnsignedLong(String, int)
• toUnsignedString(long, int)

public static String toString (long i, int radix)

Returns a string representation of the first argument in the radix specified by the second argument.

If the radix is smaller than Character.MIN_RADIX or larger than Character.MAX_RADIX, then the radix 10 is used instead.

If the first argument is negative, the first element of the result is the ASCII minus sign '-' ('\u002d'). If the first argument is not negative, no sign character appears in the result.

The remaining characters of the result represent the magnitude of the first argument. If the magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character '0' ('\u0030'); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero character. The following ASCII characters are used as digits:

0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

These are '\u0030' through '\u0039' and '\u0061' through '\u007a'. If radix is N, then the first N of these characters are used as radix-N digits in the order shown. Thus, the digits for hexadecimal (radix 16) are 0123456789abcdef. If uppercase letters are desired, the String.toUpperCase() method may be called on the result:

Long.toString(n, 16).toUpperCase()

Parameters

i	a long to be converted to a string.
radix	the radix to use in the string representation.

Returns

• a string representation of the argument in the specified radix.

See Also

• Character.MAX_RADIX
• Character.MIN_RADIX

public String toString ()

Returns a String object representing this Long's value. The value is converted to signed decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the long value were given as an argument to the toString(long) method.

Returns

• a string representation of the value of this object in base 10.

public static String toString (long i)

Returns a String object representing the specified long. The argument is converted to signed decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to the toString(long, int) method.

Parameters

i	a long to be converted.

Returns

• a string representation of the argument in base 10.

public static String toUnsignedString (long i)

Returns a string representation of the argument as an unsigned decimal value. The argument is converted to unsigned decimal representation and returned as a string exactly as if the argument and radix 10 were given as arguments to the toUnsignedString(long, int) method.

Parameters

i	an integer to be converted to an unsigned string.

Returns

• an unsigned string representation of the argument.

See Also

• toUnsignedString(long, int)

public static String toUnsignedString (long i, int radix)

Returns a string representation of the first argument as an unsigned integer value in the radix specified by the second argument.

If the radix is smaller than Character.MIN_RADIX or larger than Character.MAX_RADIX, then the radix 10 is used instead.

Note that since the first argument is treated as an unsigned value, no leading sign character is printed.

If the magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character '0' ('\u0030'); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero character.

The behavior of radixes and the characters used as digits are the same as toString.

Parameters

i	an integer to be converted to an unsigned string.
radix	the radix to use in the string representation.

Returns

• an unsigned string representation of the argument in the specified radix.

See Also

• toString(long, int)

public static Long valueOf (String s)

Returns a Long object holding the value of the specified String. The argument is interpreted as representing a signed decimal long, exactly as if the argument were given to the