Code in text

In ordinary text sentences (as opposed to, say, code samples), use code font to mark up most things that have anything to do with code. In HTML, use the <code> element; in Markdown, use backticks (`).

Some specific items to put in code font

The following list includes items that should be in code font, but it's not an exhaustive list.

  • Attribute names and values.
  • Class names.
  • Command-line utility names.
  • Defined (constant) values for an element or attribute.
  • Data types.
  • XML and HTML element names. (Also place angle brackets (<>) around the element name; you may have to escape the angle brackets to make them appear in the document.)
  • Filenames and paths.
  • HTTP verbs.
  • HTTP status codes.
  • HTTP content-type values.
  • Language keywords.
  • Method and function names.
  • Namespace aliases.
  • Query parameter names and values.
  • DNS record types.

Generally don't put quotation marks around an item that's in code font, unless the quotation marks are part of the item.

Items to put in ordinary (non-code) font

  • URLs. (But often it's a good idea to put these on a separate line, enclosed in <pre>, or else to turn them into links. See also the page on link text.)
  • Email addresses.
  • Headings (including table headings). For clarity, where possible, add a noun to the code-related term in the heading: "Calling the Foo method"; "Setting the Bar parameter".
  • Names of products, services, and organizations.

Often, command-line utility names are spelled the same as the software project or product with which they are associated, with only differences in capitalization. In such cases, use code font for the command and ordinary font for the name of the project or product. For example:

Recommended:

  • Invoke the GCC 8.3 compiler using gcc for C programs or g++ for C++ programs.
  • To send the file over FTP with IPv6, use ftp -6.
  • The options for the curl command are explained on the cURL project website.

Other HTML elements for code

Avoid use of the <xmp> element; it's deprecated in modern HTML.

Use the <kbd> element to indicate input to be typed (or otherwise entered) by the user. Use the <var> element to indicate any variable (including both specific variable names from code samples and metasyntactic placeholder variables like foo). Note that you can use these elements even within a <pre> block; for example:

<pre>
$ <kbd>ls <var>filename</var></kbd>
<var>filename</var>
$
</pre>

Method names

When you refer to a method name in text, omit the class name except where including it would prevent ambiguity. For example:

Not recommended: To retrieve the zebra's metadata, call its animal.get() method.

Recommended: To retrieve the zebra's metadata, call its get() method.

Put an empty pair of parentheses after a method name to indicate that it's a method.

Placeholder variables

To create a placeholder variable, do the following:

  • In HTML, wrap the placeholder variable in a <var> element.
  • In Markdown, use an underscore before and after the placeholder variable.

For placeholder variables, use lowercase characters with hyphen delimiters.

For example, in HTML:

Not recommended:

  • https://developers.google.com/<var>API-name</var>
  • https://developers.google.com/<var>API_name</var>
  • https://developers.google.com/<var>API name</var>
  • https://developers.google.com/<var>api_name</var>
  • https://developers.google.com/<var>apiName</var>

Recommended:

  • https://developers.google.com/<var>api-name</var>
  • https://developers.google.com/<var>method-name</var>

And in Markdown:

Not recommended:

  • https://developers.google.com/_API-name_
  • https://developers.google.com/_API_name_
  • https://developers.google.com/_API name_
  • https://developers.google.com/_api_name_
  • https://developers.google.com/_apiName_

Recommended:

  • https://developers.google.com/_api-name_
  • https://developers.google.com/_method-name_

If the context in which your placeholder variables appear makes using lowercase characters with hyphen delimiters a bad idea, use something else that makes sense to you, but be internally consistent.

Explaining placeholders

When you use a placeholder in text or code, consider the following:

  • Explain what the placeholder represents even if the placeholder value is intuitive to you.
  • Include the explanation the first time you use the placeholder. If there are many steps and other placeholders after the first use of that placeholder, it's OK to explain it again.
  • In procedural steps, use the following order:
    1. Tell the user what they're doing.
    2. List the command.
    3. Explain the placeholders.
    4. Explain the command in more detail if necessary.
    5. Explain any output if necessary.
  • Use the following format for the placeholder explanation:
    Replace placeholder-variable-1 with an explanation of placeholder.

    Recommended:

    1. Stream the build logs to the GCP Console:
      gcloud builds log --stream build-id
      Replace build-id with the ID of the WORKING build that you copied in the preceding step. The log stream terminates upon build completion. Messages are displayed that indicate the final terraform-destroy build step is successful and that the build is done.

  • Use the following format for the placeholder explanation of two or more placeholder variables:
    Replace the following:
    • placeholder-variable-1: Explanation of placeholder.
    • placeholder-variable-2: Explanation of placeholder.
    Recommended:
    1. In Cloud Shell, set the environment variables:
      export ONPREM_PROJECT=your-on-prem-project
   export ONPREM_ZONE=zone
      Replace the following:
      • your-on-prem-project: The GCP project name for your on-premises project.
      • zone: A GCP zone that's close to your location.
      When you end the Cloud Shell session, you lose these environment variables.

HTTP status codes

To refer to a single status code, use the following formatting and phrasing:

an HTTP 400 Bad Request status code

In particular, call it a "status code" instead of a "response code," and put the number and the name in code font. If the "HTTP" is implicit from context, you can leave it out.

To refer to a range of codes, use the following form:

an HTTP 2xx or 400 status code

In particular, use "nxx" (with a specific digit in place of n) to indicate "anything in the n00-n99 range," and put the status code number in code font even if you're leaving out the code's name.

If you prefer to specify an exact range, you can do so:

an HTTP status code in the 200-299 range

Here, too, put the numbers in code font.

Coding style guides

The following Google coding-style guides are available on GitHub:

Keywords

In general, don't use technical keywords as if they were English verbs or nouns. If in some rare cases you do, then don't try to inflect them. Don't form plurals from keywords and don't make keywords possessive. It's okay to use lowercase, plain text string in a general discussion of the STRING data type.

Examples

Not recommended: POST the data.

Recommended: To add the data, send a POST request.

Not recommended: Retrieve information by GETting the data.

Recommended: To retrieve the data, send a GET request.

Not recommended: Close()ing the file requires you to have open()ed it first.

Recommended: You can't close the file before opening it.

Also recommended: You can't call the close() method for a file before you call open().

Not recommended: Takes an array of extended ASCII code points (ARRAY of INT64) and returns BYTES.

Recommended: Takes an array of extended ASCII code points (an array of INT64 values) and returns BYTES values.

Also recommended: For STRING arguments, returns the original string with all alphabetic characters in uppercase.

Exception: When documenting a Java API, it's common to leave out words like "object" or "instance" and instead just use the class name as a noun: "store the Foo you got from the FooFactory." If you need to pluralize such nouns, then add "object" or "instance": "store the Foo objects you got from the FooFactory instances."

Linking API terms in Android

When you're writing code comments that you'll turn into generated reference documentation, link to all elements of Android APIs: classes, methods, constants, XML attributes, etc. Use code font and regular HTML <a> elements to link to this reference material.

Link AndroidManifest.xml elements and attributes to the API guide pages. Link the attribute for a particular widget or layout to its Javadoc in the widget or layout's API reference entry.

Recommended: <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/data-element.html">data</a>

Very common classes such as Activity and Intent don't need to be linked every time. If you use a term as a concept rather than a class, then don't put it in code font and don't capitalize. Here are some objects that do not always require Javadoc links or capitalization:

  • activity, activities
  • service
  • fragment
  • view
  • loader
  • action bar
  • intent
  • content provider
  • broadcast receiver
  • app widget

If you use one of these terms in the context of referring to an actual instance, use the formal class name and link to its reference page. Here are two examples:

Recommended: An Activity is an app component that provides a screen with which users can interact ...

Recommended: The user interface for an activity is provided by a hierarchy of views—objects derived from the View class.

To link to a class or method:

  • To link to a class, use the class name as link text. For example: <a href="/reference/android/widget/TextView">TextView</a>
  • To link to a method, use the method name as a fragment identifier. If you're linking to a static method, also include the class name in the link text. If you need to distinguish between overloaded versions of a particular method, consider showing the full signature. For example: <a href="/reference/android/app/Activity.html#onCreate(android.os.Bundle)">onCreate(Bundle)</a>
  • To link the attribute for a particular widget or layout to its Javadoc in the widget or layout's API reference entry, use the URL for the page, and then add the fragment identifier #attr_android:attribute_name. For example, to link to the XML attribute android:inputType for the TextView widget, add the following: <a href="/reference/android/widget/TextView.html#attr_android:inputType>inputType</a>