Earth Engine mendukung transformasi array seperti transpose, invers, dan pseudo-invers. Sebagai contoh, pertimbangkan regresi kuadrat terkecil biasa (OLS) dari deret waktu gambar. Pada contoh berikut, gambar dengan band untuk prediktor dan respons dikonversi menjadi gambar array, lalu “diselesaikan” untuk mendapatkan estimasi koefisien kuadrat terkecil dengan tiga cara. Pertama, gabungkan data gambar dan konversikan ke array:
Editor Kode (JavaScript)
// Scales and masks Landsat 8 surface reflectance images. function prepSrL8(image) { // Develop masks for unwanted pixels (fill, cloud, cloud shadow). var qaMask = image.select('QA_PIXEL').bitwiseAnd(parseInt('11111', 2)).eq(0); var saturationMask = image.select('QA_RADSAT').eq(0); // Apply the scaling factors to the appropriate bands. var opticalBands = image.select('SR_B.').multiply(0.0000275).add(-0.2); var thermalBands = image.select('ST_B.*').multiply(0.00341802).add(149.0); // Replace the original bands with the scaled ones and apply the masks. return image.addBands(opticalBands, null, true) .addBands(thermalBands, null, true) .updateMask(qaMask) .updateMask(saturationMask); } // Load a Landsat 8 surface reflectance image collection. var collection = ee.ImageCollection('LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2') // Filter to get only two years of data. .filterDate('2019-04-01', '2021-04-01') // Filter to get only imagery at a point of interest. .filterBounds(ee.Geometry.Point(-122.08709, 36.9732)) // Prepare images by mapping the prepSrL8 function over the collection. .map(prepSrL8) // Select NIR and red bands only. .select(['SR_B5', 'SR_B4']) // Sort the collection in chronological order. .sort('system:time_start', true); // This function computes the predictors and the response from the input. var makeVariables = function(image) { // Compute time of the image in fractional years relative to the Epoch. var year = ee.Image(image.date().difference(ee.Date('1970-01-01'), 'year')); // Compute the season in radians, one cycle per year. var season = year.multiply(2 * Math.PI); // Return an image of the predictors followed by the response. return image.select() .addBands(ee.Image(1)) // 0. constant .addBands(year.rename('t')) // 1. linear trend .addBands(season.sin().rename('sin')) // 2. seasonal .addBands(season.cos().rename('cos')) // 3. seasonal .addBands(image.normalizedDifference().rename('NDVI')) // 4. response .toFloat(); }; // Define the axes of variation in the collection array. var imageAxis = 0; var bandAxis = 1; // Convert the collection to an array. var array = collection.map(makeVariables).toArray(); // Check the length of the image axis (number of images). var arrayLength = array.arrayLength(imageAxis); // Update the mask to ensure that the number of images is greater than or // equal to the number of predictors (the linear model is solvable). array = array.updateMask(arrayLength.gt(4)); // Get slices of the array according to positions along the band axis. var predictors = array.arraySlice(bandAxis, 0, 4); var response = array.arraySlice(bandAxis, 4);
import ee import geemap.core as geemap
Colab (Python)
import math # Scales and masks Landsat 8 surface reflectance images. def prep_sr_l8(image): # Develop masks for unwanted pixels (fill, cloud, cloud shadow). qa_mask = image.select('QA_PIXEL').bitwiseAnd(int('11111', 2)).eq(0) saturation_mask = image.select('QA_RADSAT').eq(0) # Apply the scaling factors to the appropriate bands. optical_bands = image.select('SR_B.').multiply(0.0000275).add(-0.2) thermal_bands = image.select('ST_B.*').multiply(0.00341802).add(149.0) # Replace the original bands with the scaled ones and apply the masks. return ( image.addBands(optical_bands, None, True) .addBands(thermal_bands, None, True) .updateMask(qa_mask) .updateMask(saturation_mask) ) # Load a Landsat 8 surface reflectance image collection. collection = ( ee.ImageCollection('LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2') # Filter to get only two years of data. .filterDate('2019-04-01', '2021-04-01') # Filter to get only imagery at a point of interest. .filterBounds(ee.Geometry.Point(-122.08709, 36.9732)) # Prepare images by mapping the prep_sr_l8 function over the collection. .map(prep_sr_l8) # Select NIR and red bands only. .select(['SR_B5', 'SR_B4']) # Sort the collection in chronological order. .sort('system:time_start', True) ) # This function computes the predictors and the response from the input. def make_variables(image): # Compute time of the image in fractional years relative to the Epoch. year = ee.Image(image.date().difference(ee.Date('1970-01-01'), 'year')) # Compute the season in radians, one cycle per year. season = year.multiply(2 * math.pi) # Return an image of the predictors followed by the response. return ( image.select() .addBands(ee.Image(1)) # 0. constant .addBands(year.rename('t')) # 1. linear trend .addBands(season.sin().rename('sin')) # 2. seasonal .addBands(season.cos().rename('cos')) # 3. seasonal .addBands(image.normalizedDifference().rename('NDVI')) # 4. response .toFloat() ) # Define the axes of variation in the collection array. image_axis = 0 band_axis = 1 # Convert the collection to an array. array = collection.map(make_variables).toArray() # Check the length of the image axis (number of images). array_length = array.arrayLength(image_axis) # Update the mask to ensure that the number of images is greater than or # equal to the number of predictors (the linear model is solvable). array = array.updateMask(array_length.gt(4)) # Get slices of the array according to positions along the band axis. predictors = array.arraySlice(band_axis, 0, 4) response = array.arraySlice(band_axis, 4)
Perhatikan bahwa arraySlice()
menampilkan semua gambar dalam deret waktu untuk
rentang indeks yang ditentukan di sepanjang bandAxis
(sumbu 1). Pada tahap ini,
aljabar matriks dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan koefisien OLS:
Editor Kode (JavaScript)
// Compute coefficients the hard way. var coefficients1 = predictors.arrayTranspose().matrixMultiply(predictors) .matrixInverse().matrixMultiply(predictors.arrayTranspose()) .matrixMultiply(response);
import ee import geemap.core as geemap
Colab (Python)
# Compute coefficients the hard way. coefficients_1 = ( predictors.arrayTranspose() .matrixMultiply(predictors) .matrixInverse() .matrixMultiply(predictors.arrayTranspose()) .matrixMultiply(response) )
Meskipun metode ini berfungsi, metode ini tidak efisien dan membuat kode sulit dibaca. Cara yang lebih baik adalah menggunakan metode pseudoInverse()
(matrixPseudoInverse()
untuk gambar array):
Editor Kode (JavaScript)
// Compute coefficients the easy way. var coefficients2 = predictors.matrixPseudoInverse() .matrixMultiply(response);
import ee import geemap.core as geemap
Colab (Python)
# Compute coefficients the easy way. coefficients_2 = predictors.matrixPseudoInverse().matrixMultiply(response)
Dari perspektif keterbacaan dan efisiensi komputasi, cara terbaik untuk mendapatkan koefisien OLS adalah solve()
(matrixSolve()
untuk gambar array). Fungsi
solve()
menentukan cara terbaik untuk menyelesaikan sistem dari karakteristik
input, menggunakan pseudo-invers untuk sistem yang terlalu ditentukan, invers untuk matriks
persegi, dan teknik khusus untuk matriks yang hampir singular:
Editor Kode (JavaScript)
// Compute coefficients the easiest way. var coefficients3 = predictors.matrixSolve(response);
import ee import geemap.core as geemap
Colab (Python)
# Compute coefficients the easiest way. coefficients_3 = predictors.matrixSolve(response)
Untuk mendapatkan gambar multi-band, proyeksikan gambar array ke ruang dimensi yang lebih rendah, lalu ratakan:
Editor Kode (JavaScript)
// Turn the results into a multi-band image. var coefficientsImage = coefficients3 // Get rid of the extra dimensions. .arrayProject([0]) .arrayFlatten([ ['constant', 'trend', 'sin', 'cos'] ]);
import ee import geemap.core as geemap
Colab (Python)
# Turn the results into a multi-band image. coefficients_image = ( coefficients_3 # Get rid of the extra dimensions. .arrayProject([0]).arrayFlatten([['constant', 'trend', 'sin', 'cos']]) )
Periksa output dari ketiga metode dan amati bahwa matriks koefisien
yang dihasilkan sama, terlepas dari solver yang digunakan. solve()
yang fleksibel
dan efisien menjadikannya pilihan yang baik untuk pemodelan linear tujuan umum.