Eng mit dem Problem des maximalen Flusses verbunden ist das Flussproblem mit den Mindestkosten (Min. Kosten), bei dem jeder Bogen in der Grafik Kosten pro Einheit für den Materialtransport hat. Das Problem besteht darin, einen Ablauf mit den geringsten Gesamtkosten zu finden.
Das Problem mit dem min. Kostenfluss hat auch spezielle Knoten, die als Quell- oder Nachfrageknoten bezeichnet werden und der Quelle und Senke im Problem mit dem maximalen Fluss ähneln. Material wird von den Lieferkettenknoten zu Nachfrageknoten transportiert.
- An einem Lieferknoten wird dem Fluss ein positiver Wert – die Bereitstellung – hinzugefügt. Ein Angebot könnte beispielsweise die Produktion an diesem Knoten repräsentieren.
- Bei einem Nachfrageknoten wird ein negativer Betrag – die Nachfrage – aus dem Fluss genommen. Eine Nachfrage könnte beispielsweise den Verbrauch an diesem Knoten darstellen.
Der Einfachheit halber nehmen wir an, dass alle Knoten mit Ausnahme von Angebots- oder Nachfrageknoten kein Angebot (und keine Nachfrage) haben.
Für das Problem mit dem min. Kostenfluss gibt es die folgende Regel zur Aufrechterhaltung des Flusses, bei der die Ressourcen und Anforderungen berücksichtigt werden:
Die Grafik unten zeigt ein Problem mit dem min. Kostenfluss. Die Bögen sind mit Zahlenpaaren beschriftet: Die erste Zahl ist die Kapazität und die zweite Zahl die Kosten. Die Zahlen in Klammern neben den Knoten stehen für Vorräte oder Bedarf. Knoten 0 ist ein Versorgungsknoten mit Angebot 20, während die Knoten 3 und 4 Nachfrageknoten mit den Anforderungen -5 bzw. -15 sind.
Bibliotheken importieren
Mit dem folgenden Code wird die erforderliche Bibliothek importiert.
Python
import numpy as np from ortools.graph.python import min_cost_flow
C++
#include <cstdint> #include <vector> #include "ortools/graph/min_cost_flow.h"
Java
import com.google.ortools.Loader; import com.google.ortools.graph.MinCostFlow; import com.google.ortools.graph.MinCostFlowBase;
C#
using System; using Google.OrTools.Graph;
Löser deklarieren
Zur Lösung des Problems verwenden wir den Resolver SimpleMinCostFlow.
Python
# Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver. smcf = min_cost_flow.SimpleMinCostFlow()
C++
// Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver. SimpleMinCostFlow min_cost_flow;
Java
// Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver. MinCostFlow minCostFlow = new MinCostFlow();
C#
// Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver. MinCostFlow minCostFlow = new MinCostFlow();
Daten definieren
Mit dem folgenden Code werden die Daten für das Problem definiert. In diesem Fall gibt es vier Arrays für die Start- und Endknoten, Kapazitäten und Kosten pro Einheit. Auch hier ist die Länge der Arrays die Anzahl der Bögen im Diagramm.
Python
# Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities, # and unit costs between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 # to node 1 has a capacity of 15. start_nodes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4]) end_nodes = np.array([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2]) capacities = np.array([15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5]) unit_costs = np.array([4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3]) # Define an array of supplies at each node. supplies = [20, 0, 0, -5, -15]
C++
// Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities,
// and unit costs between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0
// to node 1 has a capacity of 15.
std::vector<int64_t> start_nodes = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4};
std::vector<int64_t> end_nodes = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2};
std::vector<int64_t> capacities = {15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5};
std::vector<int64_t> unit_costs = {4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3};
// Define an array of supplies at each node.
std::vector<int64_t> supplies = {20, 0, 0, -5, -15};
Java
// Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities, and unit costs
// between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a
// capacity of 15.
// Problem taken From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research',
// example 6.4-2.
int[] startNodes = new int[] {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4};
int[] endNodes = new int[] {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2};
int[] capacities = new int[] {15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5};
int[] unitCosts = new int[] {4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3};
// Define an array of supplies at each node.
int[] supplies = new int[] {20, 0, 0, -5, -15};
C#
// Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities, and unit costs
// between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a
// capacity of 15.
// Problem taken From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research',
// example 6.4-2.
int[] startNodes = { 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4 };
int[] endNodes = { 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2 };
int[] capacities = { 15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5 };
int[] unitCosts = { 4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3 };
// Define an array of supplies at each node.
int[] supplies = { 20, 0, 0, -5, -15 };
Die Bögen hinzufügen
Für jeden Start- und Endknoten wird mit der Methode AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost ein Bogen vom Start- zum Endknoten mit den angegebenen Kapazitäten und Kosten pro Einheit erstellt.
Die Methode SetNodeSupply des Solver erstellt einen Vektor mit Ressourcen für die Knoten.
Python
# Add arcs, capacities and costs in bulk using numpy.
all_arcs = smcf.add_arcs_with_capacity_and_unit_cost(
start_nodes, end_nodes, capacities, unit_costs
)
# Add supply for each nodes.
smcf.set_nodes_supplies(np.arange(0, len(supplies)), supplies)
C++
// Add each arc.
for (int i = 0; i < start_nodes.size(); ++i) {
int arc = min_cost_flow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(
start_nodes[i], end_nodes[i], capacities[i], unit_costs[i]);
if (arc != i) LOG(FATAL) << "Internal error";
}
// Add node supplies.
for (int i = 0; i < supplies.size(); ++i) {
min_cost_flow.SetNodeSupply(i, supplies[i]);
}
Java
// Add each arc.
for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.length; ++i) {
int arc = minCostFlow.addArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(
startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i], unitCosts[i]);
if (arc != i) {
throw new Exception("Internal error");
}
}
// Add node supplies.
for (int i = 0; i < supplies.length; ++i) {
minCostFlow.setNodeSupply(i, supplies[i]);
}
C#
// Add each arc.
for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.Length; ++i)
{
int arc =
minCostFlow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i], unitCosts[i]);
if (arc != i)
throw new Exception("Internal error");
}
// Add node supplies.
for (int i = 0; i < supplies.Length; ++i)
{
minCostFlow.SetNodeSupply(i, supplies[i]);
}
Den Solver aufrufen
Nachdem nun alle Bögen definiert wurden, müssen Sie nur noch den Auflöser aufrufen und die Ergebnisse anzeigen. Die Methode Solve() wird aufgerufen.
Python
# Find the min cost flow. status = smcf.solve()
C++
// Find the min cost flow. int status = min_cost_flow.Solve();
Java
// Find the min cost flow. MinCostFlowBase.Status status = minCostFlow.solve();
C#
// Find the min cost flow. MinCostFlow.Status status = minCostFlow.Solve();
Ergebnisse anzeigen
Jetzt können wir den Fluss und die Kosten für jeden Bogen anzeigen.
Python
if status != smcf.OPTIMAL:
print("There was an issue with the min cost flow input.")
print(f"Status: {status}")
exit(1)
print(f"Minimum cost: {smcf.optimal_cost()}")
print("")
print(" Arc Flow / Capacity Cost")
solution_flows = smcf.flows(all_arcs)
costs = solution_flows * unit_costs
for arc, flow, cost in zip(all_arcs, solution_flows, costs):
print(
f"{smcf.tail(arc):1} -> {smcf.head(arc)} {flow:3} / {smcf.capacity(arc):3} {cost}"
)
C++
if (status == MinCostFlow::OPTIMAL) {
LOG(INFO) << "Minimum cost flow: " << min_cost_flow.OptimalCost();
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << " Arc Flow / Capacity Cost";
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < min_cost_flow.NumArcs(); ++i) {
int64_t cost = min_cost_flow.Flow(i) * min_cost_flow.UnitCost(i);
LOG(INFO) << min_cost_flow.Tail(i) << " -> " << min_cost_flow.Head(i)
<< " " << min_cost_flow.Flow(i) << " / "
<< min_cost_flow.Capacity(i) << " " << cost;
}
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "Solving the min cost flow problem failed. Solver status: "
<< status;
}
Java
if (status == MinCostFlow.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Minimum cost: " + minCostFlow.getOptimalCost());
System.out.println();
System.out.println(" Edge Flow / Capacity Cost");
for (int i = 0; i < minCostFlow.getNumArcs(); ++i) {
long cost = minCostFlow.getFlow(i) * minCostFlow.getUnitCost(i);
System.out.println(minCostFlow.getTail(i) + " -> " + minCostFlow.getHead(i) + " "
+ minCostFlow.getFlow(i) + " / " + minCostFlow.getCapacity(i) + " " + cost);
}
} else {
System.out.println("Solving the min cost flow problem failed.");
System.out.println("Solver status: " + status);
}
C#
if (status == MinCostFlow.Status.OPTIMAL)
{
Console.WriteLine("Minimum cost: " + minCostFlow.OptimalCost());
Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine(" Edge Flow / Capacity Cost");
for (int i = 0; i < minCostFlow.NumArcs(); ++i)
{
long cost = minCostFlow.Flow(i) * minCostFlow.UnitCost(i);
Console.WriteLine(minCostFlow.Tail(i) + " -> " + minCostFlow.Head(i) + " " +
string.Format("{0,3}", minCostFlow.Flow(i)) + " / " +
string.Format("{0,3}", minCostFlow.Capacity(i)) + " " +
string.Format("{0,3}", cost));
}
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Solving the min cost flow problem failed. Solver status: " + status);
}
Hier ist die Ausgabe des Python-Programms:
Minimum cost: 150 Arc Flow / Capacity Cost 0 -> 1 12 / 15 48 0 -> 2 8 / 8 32 1 -> 2 8 / 20 16 1 -> 3 4 / 4 8 1 -> 4 0 / 10 0 2 -> 3 12 / 15 12 2 -> 4 4 / 4 12 3 -> 4 11 / 20 22 4 -> 2 0 / 5 0
Abgeschlossene Programme
Daraus ergeben sich die vollständigen Programme.
Python
"""From Bradley, Hax and Maganti, 'Applied Mathematical Programming', figure 8.1."""
import numpy as np
from ortools.graph.python import min_cost_flow
def main():
"""MinCostFlow simple interface example."""
# Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver.
smcf = min_cost_flow.SimpleMinCostFlow()
# Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities,
# and unit costs between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0
# to node 1 has a capacity of 15.
start_nodes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4])
end_nodes = np.array([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2])
capacities = np.array([15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5])
unit_costs = np.array([4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3])
# Define an array of supplies at each node.
supplies = [20, 0, 0, -5, -15]
# Add arcs, capacities and costs in bulk using numpy.
all_arcs = smcf.add_arcs_with_capacity_and_unit_cost(
start_nodes, end_nodes, capacities, unit_costs
)
# Add supply for each nodes.
smcf.set_nodes_supplies(np.arange(0, len(supplies)), supplies)
# Find the min cost flow.
status = smcf.solve()
if status != smcf.OPTIMAL:
print("There was an issue with the min cost flow input.")
print(f"Status: {status}")
exit(1)
print(f"Minimum cost: {smcf.optimal_cost()}")
print("")
print(" Arc Flow / Capacity Cost")
solution_flows = smcf.flows(all_arcs)
costs = solution_flows * unit_costs
for arc, flow, cost in zip(all_arcs, solution_flows, costs):
print(
f"{smcf.tail(arc):1} -> {smcf.head(arc)} {flow:3} / {smcf.capacity(arc):3} {cost}"
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
C++
// From Bradley, Hax and Maganti, 'Applied Mathematical Programming', figure 8.1
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
#include "ortools/graph/min_cost_flow.h"
namespace operations_research {
// MinCostFlow simple interface example.
void SimpleMinCostFlowProgram() {
// Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver.
SimpleMinCostFlow min_cost_flow;
// Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities,
// and unit costs between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0
// to node 1 has a capacity of 15.
std::vector<int64_t> start_nodes = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4};
std::vector<int64_t> end_nodes = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2};
std::vector<int64_t> capacities = {15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5};
std::vector<int64_t> unit_costs = {4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3};
// Define an array of supplies at each node.
std::vector<int64_t> supplies = {20, 0, 0, -5, -15};
// Add each arc.
for (int i = 0; i < start_nodes.size(); ++i) {
int arc = min_cost_flow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(
start_nodes[i], end_nodes[i], capacities[i], unit_costs[i]);
if (arc != i) LOG(FATAL) << "Internal error";
}
// Add node supplies.
for (int i = 0; i < supplies.size(); ++i) {
min_cost_flow.SetNodeSupply(i, supplies[i]);
}
// Find the min cost flow.
int status = min_cost_flow.Solve();
if (status == MinCostFlow::OPTIMAL) {
LOG(INFO) << "Minimum cost flow: " << min_cost_flow.OptimalCost();
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << " Arc Flow / Capacity Cost";
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < min_cost_flow.NumArcs(); ++i) {
int64_t cost = min_cost_flow.Flow(i) * min_cost_flow.UnitCost(i);
LOG(INFO) << min_cost_flow.Tail(i) << " -> " << min_cost_flow.Head(i)
<< " " << min_cost_flow.Flow(i) << " / "
<< min_cost_flow.Capacity(i) << " " << cost;
}
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "Solving the min cost flow problem failed. Solver status: "
<< status;
}
}
} // namespace operations_research
int main() {
operations_research::SimpleMinCostFlowProgram();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Java
// From Bradley, Hax, and Maganti, 'Applied Mathematical Programming', figure 8.1.
package com.google.ortools.graph.samples;
import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.graph.MinCostFlow;
import com.google.ortools.graph.MinCostFlowBase;
/** Minimal MinCostFlow program. */
public class SimpleMinCostFlowProgram {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Loader.loadNativeLibraries();
// Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver.
MinCostFlow minCostFlow = new MinCostFlow();
// Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities, and unit costs
// between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a
// capacity of 15.
// Problem taken From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research',
// example 6.4-2.
int[] startNodes = new int[] {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4};
int[] endNodes = new int[] {1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2};
int[] capacities = new int[] {15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5};
int[] unitCosts = new int[] {4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3};
// Define an array of supplies at each node.
int[] supplies = new int[] {20, 0, 0, -5, -15};
// Add each arc.
for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.length; ++i) {
int arc = minCostFlow.addArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(
startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i], unitCosts[i]);
if (arc != i) {
throw new Exception("Internal error");
}
}
// Add node supplies.
for (int i = 0; i < supplies.length; ++i) {
minCostFlow.setNodeSupply(i, supplies[i]);
}
// Find the min cost flow.
MinCostFlowBase.Status status = minCostFlow.solve();
if (status == MinCostFlow.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Minimum cost: " + minCostFlow.getOptimalCost());
System.out.println();
System.out.println(" Edge Flow / Capacity Cost");
for (int i = 0; i < minCostFlow.getNumArcs(); ++i) {
long cost = minCostFlow.getFlow(i) * minCostFlow.getUnitCost(i);
System.out.println(minCostFlow.getTail(i) + " -> " + minCostFlow.getHead(i) + " "
+ minCostFlow.getFlow(i) + " / " + minCostFlow.getCapacity(i) + " " + cost);
}
} else {
System.out.println("Solving the min cost flow problem failed.");
System.out.println("Solver status: " + status);
}
}
private SimpleMinCostFlowProgram() {}
}
C#
// From Bradley, Hax, and Magnanti, 'Applied Mathematical Programming', figure 8.1.
using System;
using Google.OrTools.Graph;
public class SimpleMinCostFlowProgram
{
static void Main()
{
// Instantiate a SimpleMinCostFlow solver.
MinCostFlow minCostFlow = new MinCostFlow();
// Define four parallel arrays: sources, destinations, capacities, and unit costs
// between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a
// capacity of 15.
// Problem taken From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research',
// example 6.4-2.
int[] startNodes = { 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4 };
int[] endNodes = { 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2 };
int[] capacities = { 15, 8, 20, 4, 10, 15, 4, 20, 5 };
int[] unitCosts = { 4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 1, 3, 2, 3 };
// Define an array of supplies at each node.
int[] supplies = { 20, 0, 0, -5, -15 };
// Add each arc.
for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.Length; ++i)
{
int arc =
minCostFlow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i], unitCosts[i]);
if (arc != i)
throw new Exception("Internal error");
}
// Add node supplies.
for (int i = 0; i < supplies.Length; ++i)
{
minCostFlow.SetNodeSupply(i, supplies[i]);
}
// Find the min cost flow.
MinCostFlow.Status status = minCostFlow.Solve();
if (status == MinCostFlow.Status.OPTIMAL)
{
Console.WriteLine("Minimum cost: " + minCostFlow.OptimalCost());
Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine(" Edge Flow / Capacity Cost");
for (int i = 0; i < minCostFlow.NumArcs(); ++i)
{
long cost = minCostFlow.Flow(i) * minCostFlow.UnitCost(i);
Console.WriteLine(minCostFlow.Tail(i) + " -> " + minCostFlow.Head(i) + " " +
string.Format("{0,3}", minCostFlow.Flow(i)) + " / " +
string.Format("{0,3}", minCostFlow.Capacity(i)) + " " +
string.Format("{0,3}", cost));
}
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Solving the min cost flow problem failed. Solver status: " + status);
}
}
}