Share files, folders, and drives

Every Google Drive file, folder, and shared drive have associated permissions resources. Each resource identifies the permission for a specific type (user, group, domain, anyone) and role (owner, organizer, fileOrganizer, writer, commenter, reader). For example, a file might have a permission granting a specific user (type=user) read-only access (role=reader) while another permission grants members of a specific group (type=group) the ability to add comments to a file (role=commenter).

For a complete list of roles and the operations permitted by each, refer to Roles and permissions.

How permissions work

Permission lists for a folder propagate downward. All child files and folders inherit permissions from the parent. Whenever permissions or the hierarchy is changed, the propagation occurs recursively through all nested folders. For example, if a file exists in a folder and that folder is then moved within another folder, the permissions on the new folder propagate to the file. If the new folder grants the file user a new role, such as "writer," it overrides their old role.

Conversely, if a file inherits role=writer from a folder, and is moved to another folder that provides a "reader" role, the file now inherits role=reader.

Inherited permissions can't be removed from a file or folder in a shared drive. Instead these permissions must be adjusted on the direct or indirect parent from which they were inherited. Inherited permissions can be removed from items under "My Drive" or "Shared with me."

Conversely, inherited permissions can be overridden on a file or folder in My Drive. So, if a file inherits role=writer from a My Drive folder, you can set role=reader on the file to lower its permission level.

Understand file capabilities

The permissions resource doesn't ultimately determine the current user's ability to perform actions on a file or folder. Instead, the files resource contains a collection of boolean capabilities fields used to indicate whether an action can be performed on a file or folder. The Google Drive API sets these fields based on the current user's permissions resource associated with the file or folder.

For example, when Alex logs into your app and tries to share a file, Alex's role is checked for permissions on the file. If the role allows them to share a file, the capabilities related to the file, such as canShare, are filled in relative to the role. If Alex wants to share the file, your app checks the capabilities to ensure canShare is set to true.

For an example of retrieving file capabilities, see Get file capabilities.

Get file capabilities

When your app opens a file, it should check the file's capabilities and render the UI to reflect the permissions of the current user. For example, if the user doesn't have a canComment capability on the file, the ability to comment should be disabled in the UI.

To check the capabilities, call the get() method on the files resource with the fileId path parameter and the fields parameter set to the capabilities field. For further information on returning fields using the fields parameter, see Return specific fields.

The following code sample shows how to verify user permissions. The response returns a list of capabilities the user has on the file. Each capability corresponds to a fine-grained action that a user can take. Some fields are only populated for items in shared drives.

Request

GET https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v3/files/FILE_ID?fields=capabilities

Response

{
  "capabilities": {
    "canAcceptOwnership": false,
    "canAddChildren": false,
    "canAddMyDriveParent": false,
    "canChangeCopyRequiresWriterPermission": true,
    "canChangeSecurityUpdateEnabled": false,
    "canComment": true,
    "canCopy": true,
    "canDelete": true,
    "canDownload": true,
    "canEdit": true,
    "canListChildren": false,
    "canModifyContent": true,
    "canModifyContentRestriction": true,
    "canModifyLabels": true,
    "canMoveChildrenWithinDrive": false,
    "canMoveItemOutOfDrive": true,
    "canMoveItemWithinDrive": true,
    "canReadLabels": true,
    "canReadRevisions": true,
    "canRemoveChildren": false,
    "canRemoveMyDriveParent": true,
    "canRename": true,
    "canShare": true,
    "canTrash": true,
    "canUntrash": true
  }
}

Scenarios for sharing Drive resources

There are five different types of sharing scenarios:

  1. To share a file in My Drive, the user must have role=writer or role=owner.

  2. To share a folder in My Drive, the user must have role=writer or role=owner.

    • If the writersCanShare boolean value is set to false for the file, the user must have the more permissive role=owner.

    • Temporary access (governed by an expiration date and time) isn't allowed on My Drive folders with role=writer. For more information, see Set an expiration date to limit file access.

  3. To share a file in a shared drive, the user must have role=writer, role=fileOrganizer, or role=organizer.

    • The writersCanShare setting doesn't apply to items in shared drives. It's treated as if it's always set to true.

  4. To share a folder in a shared drive, the user must have role=organizer.

    • If the sharingFoldersRequiresOrganizerPermission restriction on a shared drive is set to false, users with role=fileOrganizer can share folders in that shared drive.

  5. To manage shared drive membership, the user must have role=organizer. Only users and groups can be members of shared drives.

Create a permission

The following two fields are necessary when creating a permission:

  • type: The type identifies the permission scope (user, group, domain, or anyone). A permission with type=user applies to a specific user whereas a permission with type=domain applies to everyone in a specific domain.

  • role: The role field identifies operations the type can perform. For example, a permission with type=user and role=reader grants a specific user read-only access to the file or folder. Or, a permission with type=domain and role=commenter lets everyone in the domain add comments to a file. For a complete list of roles and the operations permitted by each, refer to Roles and permissions.

When you create a permission where type=user or type=group, you must also provide an emailAddress to tie the specific user or group to the permission.

When you create a permission where type=domain, you must also provide a domain to tie a specific domain to the permission.

To create a permission:

  1. Use the create() method with the fileId path parameter for the associated file or folder.
  2. In the request body, specify the type and role.
  3. If type=user or type=group, provide an emailAddress. If type=domain, provide a domain.

The following code sample shows how to create a permission. The response returns an instance of a Permission resource, including the assigned permissionId.

Request

POST https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v3/files/FILE_ID/permissions
 
{
  "requests": [
    {
        "type": "user",
        "role": "commenter",
        "emailAddress": "alex@altostrat.com"
    }
  ]
}

Response

{
    "kind": "drive#permission",
    "id": "PERMISSION_ID",
    "type": "user",
    "role": "commenter"
}

Use target audiences

Target audiences are groups of people—such as departments or teams—that you can recommend for users to share their items with. You can encourage users to share items with a more specific or limited audience rather than your entire organization. Target audiences can help you improve the security and privacy of your data, and make it easier for users to share appropriately. For more information, see About target audiences.

To use target audiences:

  1. In the Google Admin console, go to Menu > Directory > Target audiences.

    Go to Target audiences

    You must be signed in using an account with super administrator privileges for this task.

  2. In the Target audiences list, click the name of the target audience. To create a target audience, see Create a target audience

  3. Copy the unique ID from the target audience URL: https://admin.google.com/ac/targetaudiences/ID.

  4. Create a permission with type=domain, and set the domain field to ID.audience.googledomains.com.

To view how users interact with target audiences, see User experience for link sharing.

List all permissions

Use the list() method on the permissions resource to retrieve all permissions for a file, folder, or shared drive.

The following code sample shows how to get all permissions. The response returns a list of permissions.

Request

GET https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v3/files/FILE_ID/permissions

Response

{
  "kind": "drive#permissionList",
  "permissions": [
    {
      "id": "PERMISSION_ID",
      "type": "user",
      "kind": "drive#permission",
      "role": "commenter"
    }
  ]
}

Update permissions

To update permissions on a file or folder, you can change the assigned role. For more information on finding the role source, see Determine the role source.

  1. Call the update() method on the permissions resource with the permissionId path parameter set to the permission to change and the fileId path parameter set to the associated file, folder, or shared drive. To find the permissionId, use the list() method on the permissions resource with the fileId path parameter.

  2. In the request, identify the new role.

You can grant permissions on individual files or folders in a shared drive even if the user or group is already a member. For example, Alex has role=commenter as part of their membership to a shared drive. However, your app can grant Alex role=writer for a file in a shared drive. In this case, because the new role is more permissive than the role granted through their membership, the new permission becomes the effective role for the file or folder.

The following code sample shows how to change permissions on a file or folder from commenter to writer. The response returns an instance of a permissions resource.

Request

PATCH https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v3/files/FILE_ID/permissions/PERMISSION_ID
 
{
  "requests": [
    {
        "role": "writer"
    }
  ]
}

Response

{
  "kind": "drive#permission",
  "id": "PERMISSION_ID",
  "type": "user",
  "role": "writer"
}

Determine the role source

To change the role on a file or folder, you must know the source of the role. For shared drives, the source of a role can be based on membership to the shared drive, the role on a folder, or the role on a file.

To determine the role source for a shared drive, or items within that drive, call the get() method on the permissions resource with the fileId and permissionId path parameters, and the fields parameter set to the permissionDetails field.

To find the permissionId, use the list() method on the permissions resource with the fileId path parameter. To fetch the permissionDetails field on the list request, set the fields parameter to permissions/permissionDetails.

This field enumerates all inherited and direct file permissions for the user, group, or domain.

The following code sample shows how to determine the role source. The response returns the permissionDetails of a permissions resource. The inheritedFrom field provides the ID of the item from which the permission is inherited.

Request

GET https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v3/files/FILE_ID/permissions/PERMISSION_ID?fields=permissionDetails&supportsAllDrives=true

Response

{
  "permissionDetails": [
    {
      "permissionType": "member",
      "role": "commenter",
      "inheritedFrom": "INHERITED_FROM_ID",
      "inherited": true
    },
    {
      "permissionType": "file",
      "role": "writer",
      "inherited": false
    }
  ]
}

Update multiple permissions with batch requests

We strongly recommend using batch requests to modify multiple permissions.

The following is an example of performing a batch permission modification with a client library.

Java

drive/snippets/drive_v3/src/main/java/ShareFile.java
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.batch.BatchRequest;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.batch.json.JsonBatchCallback;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.json.GoogleJsonError;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.json.GoogleJsonResponseException;
import com.google.api.client.http.HttpHeaders;
import com.google.api.client.http.HttpRequestInitializer;
import com.google.api.client.http.javanet.NetHttpTransport;
import com.google.api.client.json.gson.GsonFactory;
import com.google.api.services.drive.Drive;
import com.google.api.services.drive.DriveScopes;
import com.google.api.services.drive.model.Permission;
import com.google.auth.http.HttpCredentialsAdapter;
import com.google.auth.oauth2.GoogleCredentials;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

/* Class to demonstrate use-case of modify permissions. */
public class ShareFile {

  /**
   * Batch permission modification.
   * realFileId file Id.
   * realUser User Id.
   * realDomain Domain of the user ID.
   *
   * @return list of modified permissions if successful, {@code null} otherwise.
   * @throws IOException if service account credentials file not found.
   */
  public static List<String> shareFile(String realFileId, String realUser, String realDomain)
      throws IOException {
        /* Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
         TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity for
         guides on implementing OAuth2 for your application.application*/
    GoogleCredentials credentials = GoogleCredentials.getApplicationDefault()
        .createScoped(Arrays.asList(DriveScopes.DRIVE_FILE));
    HttpRequestInitializer requestInitializer = new HttpCredentialsAdapter(
        credentials);

    // Build a new authorized API client service.
    Drive service = new Drive.Builder(new NetHttpTransport(),
        GsonFactory.getDefaultInstance(),
        requestInitializer)
        .setApplicationName("Drive samples")
        .build();

    final List<String> ids = new ArrayList<String>();


    JsonBatchCallback<Permission> callback = new JsonBatchCallback<Permission>() {
      @Override
      public void onFailure(GoogleJsonError e,
                            HttpHeaders responseHeaders)
          throws IOException {
        // Handle error
        System.err.println(e.getMessage());
      }

      @Override
      public void onSuccess(Permission permission,
                            HttpHeaders responseHeaders)
          throws IOException {
        System.out.println("Permission ID: " + permission.getId());

        ids.add(permission.getId());

      }
    };
    BatchRequest batch = service.batch();
    Permission userPermission = new Permission()
        .setType("user")
        .setRole("writer");

    userPermission.setEmailAddress(realUser);
    try {
      service.permissions().create(realFileId, userPermission)
          .setFields("id")
          .queue(batch, callback);

      Permission domainPermission = new Permission()
          .setType("domain")
          .setRole("reader");

      domainPermission.setDomain(realDomain);

      service.permissions().create(realFileId, domainPermission)
          .setFields("id")
          .queue(batch, callback);

      batch.execute();

      return ids;
    } catch (GoogleJsonResponseException e) {
      // TODO(developer) - handle error appropriately
      System.err.println("Unable to modify permission: " + e.getDetails());
      throw e;
    }
  }
}

Python

drive/snippets/drive-v3/file_snippet/share_file.py
import google.auth
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
from googleapiclient.errors import HttpError


def share_file(real_file_id, real_user, real_domain):
  """Batch permission modification.
  Args:
      real_file_id: file Id
      real_user: User ID
      real_domain: Domain of the user ID
  Prints modified permissions

  Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
  TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity
  for guides on implementing OAuth2 for the application.
  """
  creds, _ = google.auth.default()

  try:
    # create drive api client
    service = build("drive", "v3", credentials=creds)
    ids = []
    file_id = real_file_id

    def callback(request_id, response, exception):
      if exception:
        # Handle error
        print(exception)
      else:
        print(f"Request_Id: {request_id}")
        print(f'Permission Id: {response.get("id")}')
        ids.append(response.get("id"))

    # pylint: disable=maybe-no-member
    batch = service.new_batch_http_request(callback=callback)
    user_permission = {
        "type": "user",
        "role": "writer",
        "emailAddress": "user@example.com",
    }
    batch.add(
        service.permissions().create(
            fileId=file_id,
            body=user_permission,
            fields="id",
        )
    )
    domain_permission = {
        "type": "domain",
        "role": "reader",
        "domain": "example.com",
    }
    domain_permission["domain"] = real_domain
    batch.add(
        service.permissions().create(
            fileId=file_id,
            body=domain_permission,
            fields="id",
        )
    )
    batch.execute()

  except HttpError as error:
    print(f"An error occurred: {error}")
    ids = None

  return ids


if __name__ == "__main__":
  share_file(
      real_file_id="1dUiRSoAQKkM3a4nTPeNQWgiuau1KdQ_l",
      real_user="gduser1@workspacesamples.dev",
      real_domain="workspacesamples.dev",
  )

Node.js

drive/snippets/drive_v3/file_snippets/share_file.js
/**
 * Batch permission modification
 * @param{string} fileId file ID
 * @param{string} targetUserEmail username
 * @param{string} targetDomainName domain
 * @return{list} permission id
 * */
async function shareFile(fileId, targetUserEmail, targetDomainName) {
  const {GoogleAuth} = require('google-auth-library');
  const {google} = require('googleapis');

  // Get credentials and build service
  // TODO (developer) - Use appropriate auth mechanism for your app
  const auth = new GoogleAuth({
    scopes: 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive',
  });
  const service = google.drive({version: 'v3', auth});
  const permissionIds = [];

  const permissions = [
    {
      type: 'user',
      role: 'writer',
      emailAddress: targetUserEmail, // 'user@partner.com',
    },
    {
      type: 'domain',
      role: 'writer',
      domain: targetDomainName, // 'example.com',
    },
  ];
  // Note: Client library does not currently support HTTP batch
  // requests. When possible, use batched requests when inserting
  // multiple permissions on the same item. For this sample,
  // permissions are inserted serially.
  for (const permission of permissions) {
    try {
      const result = await service.permissions.create({
        resource: permission,
        fileId: fileId,
        fields: 'id',
      });
      permissionIds.push(result.data.id);
      console.log(`Inserted permission id: ${result.data.id}`);
    } catch (err) {
      // TODO(developer): Handle failed permissions
      console.error(err);
    }
  }
  return permissionIds;
}

PHP

drive/snippets/drive_v3/src/DriveShareFile.php
use Google\Client;
use Google\Service\Drive;
function shareFile()
{
    try {
        $client = new Client();
        $client->useApplicationDefaultCredentials();
        $client->addScope(Drive::DRIVE);
        $driveService = new Drive($client);
        $realFileId = readline("Enter File Id: ");
        $realUser = readline("Enter user email address: ");
        $realDomain = readline("Enter domain name: ");
        $ids = array();
            $fileId = '1sTWaJ_j7PkjzaBWtNc3IzovK5hQf21FbOw9yLeeLPNQ';
            $fileId = $realFileId;
            $driveService->getClient()->setUseBatch(true);
            try {
                $batch = $driveService->createBatch();

                $userPermission = new Drive\Permission(array(
                    'type' => 'user',
                    'role' => 'writer',
                    'emailAddress' => 'user@example.com'
                ));
                $userPermission['emailAddress'] = $realUser;
                $request = $driveService->permissions->create(
                    $fileId, $userPermission, array('fields' => 'id'));
                $batch->add($request, 'user');
                $domainPermission = new Drive\Permission(array(
                    'type' => 'domain',
                    'role' => 'reader',
                    'domain' => 'example.com'
                ));
                $userPermission['domain'] = $realDomain;
                $request = $driveService->permissions->create(
                    $fileId, $domainPermission, array('fields' => 'id'));
                $batch->add($request, 'domain');
                $results = $batch->execute();

                foreach ($results as $result) {
                    if ($result instanceof Google_Service_Exception) {
                        // Handle error
                        printf($result);
                    } else {
                        printf("Permission ID: %s\n", $result->id);
                        array_push($ids, $result->id);
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                $driveService->getClient()->setUseBatch(false);
            }
            return $ids;
    } catch(Exception $e) {
        echo "Error Message: ".$e;
    }

}

.NET

drive/snippets/drive_v3/DriveV3Snippets/ShareFile.cs
using Google.Apis.Auth.OAuth2;
using Google.Apis.Drive.v3;
using Google.Apis.Drive.v3.Data;
using Google.Apis.Requests;
using Google.Apis.Services;

namespace DriveV3Snippets
{
    // Class to demonstrate use-case of Drive modify permissions.
    public class ShareFile
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Batch permission modification.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="realFileId">File id.</param>
        /// <param name="realUser">User id.</param>
        /// <param name="realDomain">Domain id.</param>
        /// <returns>list of modified permissions, null otherwise.</returns>
        public static IList<String> DriveShareFile(string realFileId, string realUser, string realDomain)
        {
            try
            {
                /* Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
                 TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity for
                 guides on implementing OAuth2 for your application. */
                GoogleCredential credential = GoogleCredential.GetApplicationDefault()
                    .CreateScoped(DriveService.Scope.Drive);

                // Create Drive API service.
                var service = new DriveService(new BaseClientService.Initializer
                {
                    HttpClientInitializer = credential,
                    ApplicationName = "Drive API Snippets"
                });

                var ids = new List<String>();
                var batch = new BatchRequest(service);
                BatchRequest.OnResponse<Permission> callback = delegate(
                    Permission permission,
                    RequestError error,
                    int index,
                    HttpResponseMessage message)
                {
                    if (error != null)
                    {
                        // Handle error
                        Console.WriteLine(error.Message);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("Permission ID: " + permission.Id);
                    }
                };
                Permission userPermission = new Permission()
                {
                    Type = "user",
                    Role = "writer",
                    EmailAddress = realUser
                };

                var request = service.Permissions.Create(userPermission, realFileId);
                request.Fields = "id";
                batch.Queue(request, callback);

                Permission domainPermission = new Permission()
                {
                    Type = "domain",
                    Role = "reader",
                    Domain = realDomain
                };
                request = service.Permissions.Create(domainPermission, realFileId);
                request.Fields = "id";
                batch.Queue(request, callback);
                var task = batch.ExecuteAsync();
                task.Wait();
                return ids;
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                // TODO(developer) - handle error appropriately
                if (e is AggregateException)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("Credential Not found");
                }
                else
                {
                    throw;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }
    }
}

Delete a permission

To revoke access to a file or folder, call the delete() method on the permissions resource with the fileId and the permissionId path parameters set to delete the permission.

For items in "My Drive," it's possible to delete an inherited permission. Deleting an inherited permission revokes access to the item and child items, if any.

For items in a shared drive, inherited permissions cannot be revoked. Update or delete the permission on the parent file or folder instead.

The delete() method is also used to delete permissions directly applied to a shared drive file or folder.

The following code sample shows how to revoke access by deleting a permissionId. If successful, the response body is empty. To confirm the permission is removed, use the list() method on the permissions resource with the fileId path parameter.

Request

DELETE https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v3/files/FILE_ID/permissions/PERMISSION_ID

Set an expiration date to limit file access

When you're working with people on a sensitive project, you might want to restrict their access to certain files in Drive after a period of time. For files in My Drive, you can set an expiration date to limit or remove access to that file.

To set the expiration date:

The expirationTime field denotes when the permission expires using RFC 3339 date-time. Expiration times have the following restrictions:

  • They can only be set on user and group permissions.
  • Time must be in the future.
  • The time cannot be more than a year in the future.

For more information about expiration date, see the following articles: