Best Practices Using Directions API Web Services

The Google Maps Platform web services are a collection of HTTP interfaces to Google services providing geographic data for your maps applications.

This guide describes some common practices useful for setting up your web service requests and processing service responses. Refer to the developer’s guide for full documentation of the Directions API.

What is a web service?

Google Maps Platform web services are an interface for requesting Maps API data from external services and using the data within your Maps applications. These services are designed to be used in conjunction with a map, as per the License Restrictions in the Google Maps Platform Terms of Service.

The Maps APIs web services use HTTP(S) requests to specific URLs, passing URL parameters and/or JSON-format POST data as arguments to the services. Generally, these services return data in the response body as either JSON or XML for parsing and/or processing by your application.

A typical Directions API request is generally of the following form:

https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/output?parameters

where output indicates the response format (usually json or xml).

Note: All Directions API applications require authentication. Get more information on authentication credentials.

SSL/TLS Access

HTTPS is required for all Google Maps Platform requests that use API keys or contain user data. Requests made over HTTP that contain sensitive data may be rejected.

Building a valid URL

You may think that a "valid" URL is self-evident, but that's not quite the case. A URL entered within an address bar in a browser, for example, may contain special characters (e.g. "上海+中國"); the browser needs to internally translate those characters into a different encoding before transmission. By the same token, any code that generates or accepts UTF-8 input might treat URLs with UTF-8 characters as "valid", but would also need to translate those characters before sending them out to a web server. This process is called URL-encoding or percent-encoding.

Caution: Browsers and/or services may automatically URL-encode a request URI before sending. On APIs that use cryptographic request signing, this can potentially invalidate the signature, if URL-encoding alters the request after signing. To avoid this issue, always URL-encode your query string before signing the request.

Special characters

We need to translate special characters because all URLs need to conform to the syntax specified by the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) specification. In effect, this means that URLs must contain only a special subset of ASCII characters: the familiar alphanumeric symbols, and some reserved characters for use as control characters within URLs. This table summarizes these characters:

Set	characters	URL usage
Alphanumeric	a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9	Text strings, scheme usage (http), port (8080), etc.
Unreserved	- _ . ~	Text strings
Reserved	! * ' ( ) ; : @ & = + $ , / ? % # [ ]	Control characters and/or Text Strings

When building a valid URL, you must ensure that it contains only those characters shown in the table. Conforming a URL to use this set of characters generally leads to two issues, one of omission and one of substitution:

• Characters that you wish to handle exist outside of the above set. For example, characters in foreign languages such as 上海+中國 need to be encoded using the above characters. By popular convention, spaces (which are not allowed within URLs) are often represented using the plus '+' character as well.
• Characters exist within the above set as reserved characters, but need to be used literally. For example, ? is used within URLs to indicate the beginning of the query string; if you wish to use the string "? and the Mysterions," you'd need to encode the '?' character.

All characters to be URL-encoded are encoded using a '%' character and a two-character hex value corresponding to their UTF-8 character. For example, 上海+中國 in UTF-8 would be URL-encoded as %E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%2B%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B. The string ? and the Mysterians would be URL-encoded as %3F+and+the+Mysterians or %3F%20and%20the%20Mysterians.

Common characters that need encoding

Some common characters that must be encoded are:

Unsafe character	Encoded value
Space	%20
"	%22
<	%3C
>	%3E
#	%23
%	%25
|	%7C

Converting a URL that you receive from user input is sometimes tricky. For example, a user may enter an address as "5th&Main St." Generally, you should construct your URL from its parts, treating any user input as literal characters.

Additionally, URLs are limited to 16384 characters for all Google Maps Platform web services and static web APIs. For most services, this character limit will seldom be approached. However, note that certain services have several parameters that may result in long URLs.

Polite Use of Google APIs

Poorly designed API clients can place more load than necessary on both the Internet and Google's servers. This section contains some best practices for clients of the APIs. Following these best practices can help you avoid your application being blocked for inadvertent abuse of the APIs.

Exponential Backoff

In rare cases something may go wrong serving your request; you may receive a 4XX or 5XX HTTP response code, or the TCP connection may simply fail somewhere between your client and Google's server. Often it is worthwhile re-trying the request as the followup request may succeed when the original failed. However, it is important not to simply loop repeatedly making requests to Google's servers. This looping behavior can overload the network between your client and Google causing problems for many parties.

A better approach is to retry with increasing delays between attempts. Usually the delay is increased by a multiplicative factor with each attempt, an approach known as Exponential Backoff.

For example, consider an application that wishes to make this request to the Time Zone API:

https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/timezone/json?location=39.6034810,-119.6822510&timestamp=1331161200&key=YOUR_API_KEY

The following Python example shows how to make the request with exponential backoff:

import json
import time
import urllib.error
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

# The maps_key defined below isn't a valid Google Maps API key.
# You need to get your own API key.
# See https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/timezone/get-api-key
API_KEY = "YOUR_KEY_HERE"
TIMEZONE_BASE_URL = "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/timezone/json"


def timezone(lat, lng, timestamp):

    # Join the parts of the URL together into one string.
    params = urllib.parse.urlencode(
        {"location": f"{lat},{lng}", "timestamp": timestamp, "key": API_KEY,}
    )
    url = f"{TIMEZONE_BASE_URL}?{params}"

    current_delay = 0.1  # Set the initial retry delay to 100ms.
    max_delay = 5  # Set the maximum retry delay to 5 seconds.

    while True:
        try:
            # Get the API response.
            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
        except urllib.error.URLError:
            pass  # Fall through to the retry loop.
        else:
            # If we didn't get an IOError then parse the result.
            result = json.load(response)

            if result["status"] == "OK":
                return result["timeZoneId"]
            elif result["status"] != "UNKNOWN_ERROR":
                # Many API errors cannot be fixed by a retry, e.g. INVALID_REQUEST or
                # ZERO_RESULTS. There is no point retrying these requests.
                raise Exception(result["error_message"])

        if current_delay > max_delay:
            raise Exception("Too many retry attempts.")

        print("Waiting", current_delay, "seconds before retrying.")

        time.sleep(current_delay)
        current_delay *= 2  # Increase the delay each time we retry.


if __name__ == "__main__":
    tz = timezone(39.6034810, -119.6822510, 1331161200)
    print(f"Timezone: {tz}")

You should also be careful that there isn't retry code higher in the application call chain that leads to repeated requests in quick succession.

Synchronized Requests

Large numbers of synchronized requests to Google's APIs can look like a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on Google's infrastructure, and be treated accordingly. To avoid this, you should make sure that API requests are not synchronized between clients.

For example, consider an application that displays the time in the current time zone. This application will probably set an alarm in the client operating system waking it up at the start of the minute so that the displayed time can be updated. The application should not make any API calls as part of the processing associated with that alarm.

Making API calls in response to a fixed alarm is bad as it results in the API calls being synchronized to the start of the minute, even between different devices, rather than being distributed evenly over time. A poorly designed application doing this will produce a spike of traffic at sixty times normal levels at the start of each minute.

Instead, one possible good design is to have a second alarm set to a randomly chosen time. When this second alarm fires the application calls any APIs it needs and stores the results. When the application wants to update its display at the start of the minute, it uses previously stored results rather than calling the API again. With this approach, API calls are spread evenly over time. Further, the API calls do not delay rendering when the display is being updated.

Aside from the start of the minute, other common synchronization times you should be careful not to target are at the start of an hour, and the start of each day at midnight.

Processing Responses

Note: As the exact format of individual responses with a web service request is not guaranteed (some elements may be missing or in multiple locations), you should never assume that the format returned for any given response will be the same for different queries. Instead, you should process the response and select appropriate values via expressions.

This section discusses how to extract these values dynamically from web service responses.

The Google Maps web services provide responses which are easy to understand, but not exactly user friendly. When performing a query, rather than display a set of data, you probably want to extract a few specific values. Generally, you will want to parse responses from the web service and extract only those values which interest you.

The parsing scheme you use depends on whether you are returning output in XML or JSON. JSON responses, being already in the form of Javascript objects, may be processed within Javascript itself on the client. XML responses should be processed using an XML processor and an XML query language to address elements within the XML format. We use XPath in the following examples, as it is commonly supported in XML processing libraries.

Processing XML with XPath

XML is a relatively mature structured information format used for data interchange. Although it is not as lightweight as JSON, XML does provide more language support and more robust tools. Code for processing XML in Java, for example, is built into the javax.xml packages.

When processing XML responses, you should use an appropriate query language for selecting nodes within the XML document, rather than assume the elements reside at absolute positions within the XML markup. XPath is a language syntax for uniquely describing nodes and elements within an XML document. XPath expressions allow you to identify specific content within the XML response document.

XPath Expressions

Some familiarity with XPath goes a long way towards developing a robust parsing scheme. This section will focus on how elements within an XML document are addressed with XPath, allowing you to address multiple elements and construct complex queries.

XPath uses expressions to select elements within an XML document, using a syntax similar to that used for directory paths. These expressions identify elements within an XML document tree, which is a hierarchical tree similar to that of a DOM. Generally, XPath expressions are greedy, indicating that they will match all nodes which match the supplied criteria.

We'll use the following abstract XML to illustrate our examples:

<WebServiceResponse>
 <status>OK</status>
 <result>
  <type>sample</type>
  <name>Sample XML</name>
  <location>
   <lat>37.4217550</lat>
   <lng>-122.0846330</lng>
  </location>
 </result>
 <result>
  <message>The secret message</message>
 </result>
</WebServiceResponse>

Node Selection in Expressions

XPath selections select nodes. The root node encompasses the entire document. You select this node using the special expression "/". Note that the root node is not the top-level node of your XML document; actually, it resides one level above this top-level element and includes it.

Element nodes represent the various elements within the XML document tree. A <WebServiceResponse> element, for example, represents the top-level element returned in our sample service above. You select individual nodes either via absolute or relative paths, indicated by the presence or absence of a leading "/" character.

• Absolute path: the "/WebServiceResponse/result" expression selects all <result> nodes that are children of the <WebServiceResponse> node. (Note that both of these elements descend from the root node "/".)
• Relative path from the current context: the expression "result" would match any <result> elements within the current context. Generally, you shouldn't have to worry about context, as you're usually processing web service results via a single expression.

Either of these expressions may be augmented through addition of a wildcard path, indicated with a double-slash ("//"). This wildcard indicates that zero or more elements may match in the intervening path. The XPath expression "//formatted_address," for example, will match all nodes of that name in the current document. The expression //viewport//lat would match all <lat> elements that can trace <viewport> as a parent.

By default, XPath expressions match all elements. You can restrict the expression to match a certain element by providing a predicate, which is enclosed in square brackets ([]). The XPath expression "/GeocodeResponse/result[2] always returns the second result, for example.

Type of Expression
Root node	XPath Expression:  "/" Selection: <WebServiceResponse> <status>OK</status> <result> <type>sample</type> <name>Sample XML</name> <location> <lat>37.4217550</lat> <lng>-122.0846330</lng> </location> </result> <result> <message>The secret message</message> </result> </WebServiceResponse>
Absolute Path	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceResponse/result" Selection: <result> <type>sample</type> <name>Sample XML</name> <location> <lat>37.4217550</lat> <lng>-122.0846330</lng> </location> </result> <result> <message>The secret message</message> </result>
Path with Wildcard	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceResponse//location" Selection: <location> <lat>37.4217550</lat> <lng>-122.0846330</lng> </location>
Path with Predicate	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceResponse/result[2]/message" Selection: <message>The secret message</message>
All direct children of the first result	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceResponse/result[1]/*" Selection: <type>sample</type> <name>Sample XML</name> <location> <lat>37.4217550</lat> <lng>-122.0846330</lng> </location>
The name of a result whose type text is "sample."	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceResponse/result[type/text()='sample']/name" Selection: Sample XML

It is important to note that when selecting elements, you select nodes, not just the text within those objects. Generally, you will want to iterate over all matched nodes and extract the text. You may also match text nodes directly; see Text Nodes below.

Note that XPath supports attribute nodes as well; however, all Google Maps web services serve elements without attributes, so matching of attributes is not necessary.

Text Selection in Expressions

Text within an XML document is specified in XPath expressions via a text node operator. This operator "text()" indicates extraction of text from the indicated node. For example, the XPath expression "//formatted_address/text()" will return all text within <formatted_address> elements.

Type of Expression
All text nodes (including whitespace)	XPath Expression:  "//text()" Selection: sample Sample XML 37.4217550 -122.0846330 The secret message
Text Selection	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceRequest/result[2]/message/text()" Selection: The secret message
Context Sensitive Selection	XPath Expression:  "/WebServiceRequest/result[type/text() = 'sample']/name/text()" Selection: Sample XML

Alternatively, you may evaluate an expression and return a set of nodes and then iterate over that "node set," extracting the text from each node. We use this approach in the example below.

For more information on XPath, consult the XPath W3C Specification.

Evaluating XPath in Java

Java has wide support for parsing XML and using XPath expressions within the javax.xml.xpath.* package. For that reason, the sample code in this section uses Java to illustrate how to handle XML and parse data from XML service responses.

To use XPath in your Java code, you will first need to instantiate an instance of an XPathFactory and call newXPath() on that factory to create an XPath object. This object can then process passed XML and XPath expressions using the evaluate() method.

When evaluating XPath expressions, make sure that you iterate over any possible "node sets" which may be returned. Because these results are returned as DOM nodes in Java code, you should capture such multiple values within a NodeList object and iterate over that object to extract any text or values from those nodes.

The following code illustrates how to create an XPath object, assign it XML and an XPath expression, and evaluate the expression to print out the relevant content.

import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import javax.xml.xpath.*;
import java.io.*;

public class SimpleParser {

  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

	XPathFactory factory = XPathFactory.newInstance();

    XPath xpath = factory.newXPath();

    try {
      System.out.print("Web Service Parser 1.0\n");

      // In practice, you'd retrieve your XML via an HTTP request.
      // Here we simply access an existing file.
      File xmlFile = new File("XML_FILE");

      // The xpath evaluator requires the XML be in the format of an InputSource
	  InputSource inputXml = new InputSource(new FileInputStream(xmlFile));

      // Because the evaluator may return multiple entries, we specify that the expression
      // return a NODESET and place the result in a NodeList.
      NodeList nodes = (NodeList) xpath.evaluate("XPATH_EXPRESSION", inputXml, XPathConstants.NODESET);

      // We can then iterate over the NodeList and extract the content via getTextContent().
      // NOTE: this will only return text for element nodes at the returned context.
      for (int i = 0, n = nodes.getLength(); i < n; i++) {
        String nodeString = nodes.item(i).getTextContent();
        System.out.print(nodeString);
        System.out.print("\n");
      }
    } catch (XPathExpressionException ex) {
	  System.out.print("XPath Error");
    } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
      System.out.print("File Error");
    }
  }
}