OptimizeToursRequest 會對下列項目套用限制：
- 出貨，影響出貨方式
- 車輛，影響車輛路線的計算方式
- 全球各地都受到影響，車輛和貨物運輸皆是如此。
本指南著重於一項重要的出貨限制：時間範圍。
時間範圍是一種限制，您可以在 OptimizeToursRequest 訊息 (REST、gRPC) 中提供，指定出貨活動的時間限制。這類限制會影響出貨時間和方式，以及出貨的車輛指派作業。有了這些限制，最佳化工具會優先選擇最能滿足貨運時間限制的車輛。
出貨限制：時間範圍
在 Shipment.VisitRequest 訊息中指定取貨或送貨時間，如下所示：
設有時間範圍限制的要求範例
以下範例說明三種不同的出貨情形，每種情況都有各自的送達時間範圍。為求簡單明瞭，這個範例只會在 deliveries 上設定時間範圍，但時間範圍也可以套用至取貨。你可以指定多個時間範圍，但本範例中，每個運送 VisitRequest 只使用一個時間範圍。
查看含有時間範圍的範例要求
{ "populatePolylines": false, "populateTransitionPolylines": false, "model": { "globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z", "globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z", "shipments": [ { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789456, "longitude": -122.390192 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 100.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789116, "longitude": -122.395080 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T18:30:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 20.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.795242, "longitude": -122.399347 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 50.0 } ], "vehicles": [ { "endLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "startLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "costPerHour": 40.0, "costPerKilometer": 10.0 } ] } }
設有時間範圍限制的回應範例
在範例回應中，車輛的開始和結束時間分別為 17:35:50 和 18:17:24。這些時間反映出最佳化工具盡量縮短在要求中指定的車輛以 costPerHour 運作所需的時間，同時滿足所有時間範圍限制。如果使用 17:35:50 做為開始時間，車輛就不必在造訪地點等待，直到造訪時間範圍開始。這會在回應中顯示為零個 waitDuration 值。
查看範例要求的回應 (含時間範圍)
{ "routes": [ { "vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z", "vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:24Z", "visits": [ { "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:38:20Z", "detour": "150s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:50Z", "detour": "300s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:50:09Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "detour": "796s" }, { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:07:35Z", "detour": "1520s" } ], "transitions": [ { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:38:20Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:50Z" }, { "travelDuration": "409s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1371, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "409s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:43:20Z" }, { "travelDuration": "341s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1312, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "341s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:54:19Z" }, { "travelDuration": "205s", "travelDistanceMeters": 636, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "205s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z" }, { "travelDuration": "339s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1276, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "339s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:11:45Z" } ], "metrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "1294s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2494s", "travelDistanceMeters": 4595 }, "routeCosts": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 27.711111111111112, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 45.95 }, "routeTotalCost": 73.661111111111111 } ], "metrics": { "aggregatedRouteMetrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "1294s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2494s", "travelDistanceMeters": 4595 }, "usedVehicleCount": 1, "earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z", "latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:24Z", "totalCost": 73.661111111111111, "costs": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 27.711111111111112, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 45.95 } } }
時間範圍已排序車輛的 visits，因此會優先配送時間範圍最早的貨物。
shipments[2]於 17:50 送達shipments[1]於 18:00 送達shipments[0]於 18:07 送達
範例要求指定了嚴格的時間範圍限制，要求在這些時間範圍內完成送貨。如果無法在任何時間範圍內完成運送，或完成運送不切實際或不具成本效益，最佳化工具就會略過運送作業。VisitRequests如果出貨商品有
penaltyCost，最佳化工具會將其加入回應中回報的費用 metrics。否則，OptimizeToursResponse 訊息 (REST、gRPC) 的 skippedMandatoryShipmentCount 屬性會增加。
如果將時間範圍往後移動幾小時 (例如從 18:00 改為 21:00)，結果就會不同，如下列範例所示。shipment[1]
查看無法滿足時間範圍的請求示例
{ "populatePolylines": false, "populateTransitionPolylines": false, "model": { "globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z", "globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z", "shipments": [ { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789456, "longitude": -122.390192 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 100.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789116, "longitude": -122.395080 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T21:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T21:30:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 20.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.795242, "longitude": -122.399347 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 50.0 } ], "vehicles": [ { "endLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "startLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "costPerHour": 40.0, "costPerKilometer": 10.0 } ] } }
請參閱第二個範例要求的相關回應，其中包含時間範圍，且已略過出貨
{ "routes": [ { "vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z", "vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:09:49Z", "visits": [ { "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:19Z", "detour": "150s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:49:38Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "detour": "946s" } ], "transitions": [ { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:19Z" }, { "travelDuration": "409s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1371, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "409s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:42:49Z" }, { "travelDuration": "372s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1348, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "372s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:48Z" }, { "travelDuration": "339s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1276, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "339s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z" } ], "metrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 2, "travelDuration": "1120s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "800s", "totalDuration": "1920s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3995 }, "routeCosts": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 39.95, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 21.333333333333332 }, "routeTotalCost": 61.283333333333331 } ], "skippedShipments": [ { "index": 1 } ], "metrics": { "aggregatedRouteMetrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 2, "travelDuration": "1120s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "800s", "totalDuration": "1920s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3995 }, "usedVehicleCount": 1, "earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z", "latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:09:49Z", "totalCost": 81.283333333333331, "costs": { "model.shipments.penalty_cost": 20, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 21.333333333333332, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 39.95 } } }
在本例中，由於時間較晚，shipment[1]遭到略過，因為在指定時間範圍內完成運送所需的額外車輛作業時間，超過了運送的違規費用。shipment[1] 的違規費用會顯示在 metrics.costs 中，而索引則會顯示在 skippedShipments 中。
軟性時間範圍限制
如「成本模型參數」一節簡要提及，時間範圍可套用為軟性限制。軟性限制與硬性限制的差異如下：
- 硬性限制：不得違反，即使這表示要略過出貨，最佳化工具也不會提供違反限制的解決方案。
- 軟性限制：可能會遭到違反，也就是說，最佳化工具提供的解決方案可能違反軟性限制。不過，最佳化工具也會對任何違規行為套用費用。您可以在時間範圍內提供這項費用做為額外屬性，通常是活動發生時間範圍前後每小時的費用。
使用 softStartTime 或 softEndTime 分別取代 startTime 或 endTime，並設定 costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime 或 costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime，即可放寬時間範圍。
如果取貨或送貨應在指定時間範圍內完成，但並非絕對必要，請使用寬鬆的時間範圍限制。您可以同時使用硬性和軟性時間範圍限制，表達業務目標。例如：
- 硬性時間範圍：表示顧客的營業時間，例如上午 9 點到下午 5 點。
- 彈性時間範圍：表示與傳送給顧客的通知相符的送達或取貨時間範圍，例如上午 9 點至下午 1 點。
在這個範例中，先前因時間範圍太晚而略過的貨運，其開始時間限制已放寬。其他貨件的時間範圍也已放寬。
請參閱包含硬性和軟性時間範圍的申請範例
{ "populatePolylines": false, "populateTransitionPolylines": false, "model": { "globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z", "globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z", "shipments": [ { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789456, "longitude": -122.390192 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "softEndTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z", "costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime": 2.0 } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 100.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789116, "longitude": -122.395080 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "softStartTime": "2023-01-13T21:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T21:30:00Z", "costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime": 2.0 } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 20.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.795242, "longitude": -122.399347 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z", "softEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime": 2.0 } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 50.0 } ], "vehicles": [ { "endLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "startLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "costPerHour": 40.0, "costPerKilometer": 10.0 } ] } }
請參閱範例要求的回應，瞭解硬性和軟性時間範圍
{ "routes": [ { "vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z", "vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:24:28Z", "visits": [ { "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:51:05Z", "detour": "150s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:35Z", "detour": "300s" }, { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "detour": "300s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:07:42Z", "detour": "493s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:27Z", "detour": "873s" } ], "transitions": [ { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:51:05Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:35Z" }, { "travelDuration": "235s", "travelDistanceMeters": 795, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "235s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:56:05Z" }, { "travelDuration": "212s", "travelDistanceMeters": 791, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "212s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z" }, { "travelDuration": "335s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1204, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "335s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:11:52Z" }, { "travelDuration": "171s", "travelDistanceMeters": 665, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "171s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:21:37Z" } ], "metrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "953s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2153s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3455 }, "routeCosts": { "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_after_soft_end_time": 0.58166666666666667, "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time": 5.7433333333333332, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 23.922222222222221, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 34.55 }, "routeTotalCost": 64.797222222222217 } ], "metrics": { "aggregatedRouteMetrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "953s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2153s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3455 }, "usedVehicleCount": 1, "earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z", "latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:24:28Z", "totalCost": 64.797222222222217, "costs": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 34.55, "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time": 5.7433333333333332, "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_after_soft_end_time": 0.58166666666666667, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 23.922222222222221 } } }
在只有嚴格時間範圍限制的範例中，shipment[1] 完全略過，但放寬運送時間範圍後，在時間範圍開始時間前就會運送。同樣地，如果其他貨件的預計送達時間較晚，shipment[2] 就能在預計送達時間之後送達。
同時，成本和總出貨量也發生變化：
totalCost：減少 81.283 至 64.797- 完成的總出貨量：從 2 增加到 3
與先前的範例相比，時間範圍限制較寬鬆，因此最佳化工具找到了較便宜的解決方案。
最後，metrics.costs 屬性也包含一個新鍵，可根據限制和錯過送達時間的長度，指出實際產生的費用。也就是：
costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime2.0 和- 實際送達時間與時間範圍開始時間之間的時間： 2.83583 小時
結果：
model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time：
5.6716666666666669。
您可以運用這些指標進行成本分析，瞭解硬性限制和軟性限制之間的取捨，並根據特定業務規則調整限制。在本例中，總費用低於 20.0 的 shipment[1].penalty_cost。最佳化工具判斷提早出貨比略過出貨更具成本效益。