OAuth 2.0 for Mobile & Desktop Apps

Note: If you are new to OAuth 2.0, we recommend that you read the OAuth 2.0 overview before getting started. The overview summarizes OAuth 2.0 flows that Google supports, which can help you to ensure that you've selected the right flow for your application.

This document explains how applications installed on devices like phones, tablets, and computers use Google's OAuth 2.0 endpoints to authorize access to Google APIs.

OAuth 2.0 allows users to share specific data with an application while keeping their usernames, passwords, and other information private. For example, an application can use OAuth 2.0 to obtain permission from users to store files in their Google Drives.

Installed apps are distributed to individual devices, and it is assumed that these apps cannot keep secrets. They can access Google APIs while the user is present at the app or when the app is running in the background.

This authorization flow is similar to the one used for web server applications. The main difference is that installed apps must open the system browser and supply a local redirect URI to handle responses from Google's authorization server.

Alternatives

For mobile apps, you may prefer to use Google Sign-in for Android or iOS. The Google Sign-in client libraries handle authentication and user authorization, and they may be simpler to implement than the lower-level protocol described here.

For apps running on devices that do not support a system browser or that have limited input capabilities, such as TVs, game consoles, cameras, or printers, see OAuth 2.0 for TVs & Devices or Google Sign-in for devices.

Libraries and samples

We recommend the following libraries and samples to help you implement the OAuth 2.0 flow described in this document:

• AppAuth for Android library and codelab
• AppAuth for iOS library
• OAuth for Apps: Windows Samples

Prerequisites

Enable APIs for your project

Any application that calls Google APIs needs to enable those APIs in the API Console.

To enable an API for your project:

1. Open the API Library in the Google API Console.
2. If prompted, select a project, or create a new one.
3. The API Library lists all available APIs, grouped by product family and popularity. If the API you want to enable isn't visible in the list, use search to find it, or click View All in the product family it belongs to.
4. Select the API you want to enable, then click the Enable button.
5. If prompted, enable billing.
6. If prompted, read and accept the API's Terms of Service.

Create authorization credentials

Any application that uses OAuth 2.0 to access Google APIs must have authorization credentials that identify the application to Google's OAuth 2.0 server. The following steps explain how to create credentials for your project. Your applications can then use the credentials to access APIs that you have enabled for that project.

1. Go to the Credentials page.
2. Click Create credentials > OAuth client ID.
3. The sections below describe the client types and the redirect methods that Google's authorization server supports. Choose the client type that is recommended for your application, name your OAuth client, and set the other fields in the form as appropriate.

Custom URI scheme (Android, iOS, UWP)

A custom URI scheme is recommended for Android apps, iOS apps, and Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps.

Android

1. Select the Android application type.
2. Enter a name for the OAuth client. This name is displayed on your project's Credentials page to identify the client.
3. Enter the package name of your Android app. This value is defined in the package attribute of the <manifest> element in your app manifest file.
4. Enter the SHA-1 signing certificate fingerprint of the app distribution.
   • If your app uses app signing by Google Play, copy the SHA-1 fingerprint from the app signing page of the Play Console.
   • If you manage your own keystore and signing keys, use the keytool utility included with Java to print certificate information in a human-readable format. Copy the SHA1 value in the Certificate fingerprints section of the keytool output. See Authenticating Your Client in the Google APIs for Android documentation for more information.
5. Click Create.

iOS

1. Select the iOS application type.
2. Enter a name for the OAuth client. This name is displayed on your project's Credentials page to identify the client.
3. Enter the bundle identifier for your app. The bundle ID is the value of the CFBundleIdentifier key in your app's information property list resource file (info.plist). The value is most commonly displayed in the General pane or the Signing & Capabilities pane of the Xcode project editor. The bundle ID is also displayed in the General Information section of the App Information page for the app on Apple's App Store Connect site.
4. (Optional)

   Enter your app's App Store ID if the app is published in Apple's App Store. The Store ID is a numeric string included in every Apple App Store URL.

   1. Open the Apple App Store app on your iOS or iPadOS device.
   2. Search for your app.
   3. Select the Share button (square and arrow up symbol).
   4. Select Copy Link.
   5. Paste the link into a text editor. The App Store ID is the final part of the URL.

      Example: https://apps.apple.com/app/google/id284815942

5. (Optional)

   Enter your Team ID. See Locate your Team ID in the Apple Developer Account documentation for more information.

6. Click Create.

UWP

1. Select the Universal Windows Platform application type.
2. Enter a name for the OAuth client. This name is displayed on your project's Credentials page to identify the client.
3. Enter your app's 12-character Microsoft Store ID. You can find this value in Microsoft Partner Center on the App identity page in the App management section.
4. Click Create.

For UWP apps, the custom URI scheme cannot be longer than 39 characters.

Note: See the redirect_uri parameter definition for details about the format of the custom URI scheme value. In addition, the libraries and samples demonstrate some platform-specific implementations of custom URI scheme redirects.

Loopback IP address (macOS, Linux, Windows desktop)

To receive the authorization code using this URL, your application must be listening on the local web server. That is possible on many, but not all, platforms. However, if your platform supports it, this is the recommended mechanism for obtaining the authorization code.

When your app receives the authorization response, for best usability it should respond by displaying an HTML page that instructs the user to close the browser and return to your app.

Recommended usage	macOS, Linux, and Windows desktop (but not Universal Windows Platform) apps
Form values	Set the application type to Desktop app.

Note: See the redirect_uri parameter definition for more information about the loopback IP address. It is also possible to use localhost in place of the loopback IP, but this configuration may cause issues with client firewalls. Most, but not all, firewalls allow loopback communication.

Manual copy/paste

Important: The custom URI scheme and loopback IP address options now provide more reliable, secure, and user-friendly ways to obtain user authorization. This option may be discontinued in the future and should only be used if the choices above are not viable.

See manual copy/paste details

This redirect method returns the authorization code in the HTML page's <title> field and also displays the code to the user, as shown in the image below. The user must then manually copy and paste the code into your application.

Traditionally, apps that used this option programmatically extracted the authorization code from the HTML page. The copy/paste option served as a fallback in case the value could not be parsed.

Recommended usage	Platforms that cannot support an automatic browser redirect via a custom URI scheme or loopback IP address. Note that in most cases where the platform does not have a usable browser, the OAuth 2.0 for TVs & Devices flow is recommended.
Form values	Set the application type to Desktop app.

Programmatic extraction

Important: This method is identical to the manual copy/paste method described above except the confirmation page does not instruct the user to copy the authorization code. Instead, the page just asks the user to close the window.

This option is deprecated for OAuth 2.0 to Google. It was designed for embedded browsers, or web-views. The custom URI scheme and loopback IP address options now provide more reliable, secure, and user-friendly ways to obtain user authorization.

See programmatic extraction details

Recommended usage	Platforms that would use the manual copy/paste method but are unequivocally able to extract the authorization code from the redirect HTML page. In other words, you might use this method on a platform that does not support a custom URI scheme or loopback IP address but does still enable the client to inspect the title of the redirect HTML page.
Form values	Set the application type to Desktop app.

Identify access scopes

Scopes enable your application to only request access to the resources that it needs while also enabling users to control the amount of access that they grant to your application. Thus, there may be an inverse relationship between the number of scopes requested and the likelihood of obtaining user consent.

Before you start implementing OAuth 2.0 authorization, we recommend that you identify the scopes that your app will need permission to access.

Note: Incremental authorization is not supported for installed apps or devices.

The OAuth 2.0 API Scopes document contains a full list of scopes that you might use to access Google APIs.

If your public application uses scopes that permit access to certain user data, it must complete a verification process. If you see unverified app on the screen when testing your application, you must submit a verification request to remove it. Find out more about unverified apps and get answers to frequently asked questions about app verification in the Help Center.

Obtaining OAuth 2.0 access tokens

The following steps show how your application interacts with Google's OAuth 2.0 server to obtain a user's consent to perform an API request on the user's behalf. Your application must have that consent before it can execute a Google API request that requires user authorization.

Step 1: Generate a code verifier and challenge

Google supports the Proof Key for Code Exchange protocol to make the installed app flow more secure. A unique code verifier is created for every authorization request, and its transformed value, called "code_challenge", is sent to the authorization server to obtain the authorization code.

Create the code verifier

A code_verifier is a high-entropy cryptographic random string using the unreserved characters [A-Z] / [a-z] / [0-9] / "-" / "." / "_" / "~", with a minimum length of 43 characters and a maximum length of 128 characters.

The code verifier should have enough entropy to make it impractical to guess the value.

Create the code challenge

Two methods of creating the code challenge are supported.

Code Challenge Generation Methods
plain	The code challenge is the same value as the code verifier generated above. code_challenge = code_verifier
S256	The code challenge is the Base64URL (with no padding) encoded SHA256 hash of the code verifier. code_challenge = BASE64URL-ENCODE(SHA256(ASCII(code_verifier)))

Step 2: Send a request to Google's OAuth 2.0 server

To obtain user authorization, send a request to Google's authorization server at https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth. This endpoint handles active session lookup, authenticates the user, and obtains user consent. The endpoint is only accessible over SSL, and it refuses HTTP (non-SSL) connections.

The authorization server supports the following query string parameters for installed applications:

Parameters
client_id	Required The client ID for your application. You can find this value in the API Console Credentials page.
redirect_uri	Required Determines how Google's authorization server sends a response to your app. There are several redirect options available to installed apps, and you will have set up your authorization credentials with a particular redirect method in mind. The value must exactly match one of the authorized redirect redirect URIs for the OAuth 2.0 client, which you configured in your client's API Console Credentials page. If this value doesn't match an authorized URI, you will get a redirect_uri_mismatch error. The table below shows the appropriate redirect_uri parameter value for each method: redirect_uri values Custom URI scheme com.example.app:redirect_uri_path or com.googleusercontent.apps.123:redirect_uri_path com.example.app is the reverse DNS notation of a domain under your control. The custom scheme must contain a period to be valid. com.googleusercontent.apps.123 is the reverse DNS notation of the client ID. redirect_uri_path is an optional path component, such as /oauth2redirect. Note that the path should begin with a single slash, which is different from regular HTTP URLs. Loopback IP address http://127.0.0.1:port or http://[::1]:port Query your platform for the relevant loopback IP address and start an HTTP listener on a random available port. Substitute port with the actual port number your app listens on. Manual copy/paste urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob Programmatic extraction urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob:auto
response_type	Required Determines whether the Google OAuth 2.0 endpoint returns an authorization code. Set the parameter value to code for installed applications.
scope	Required A space-delimited list of scopes that identify the resources that your application could access on the user's behalf. These values inform the consent screen that Google displays to the user. Scopes enable your application to only request access to the resources that it needs while also enabling users to control the amount of access that they grant to your application. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between the number of scopes requested and the likelihood of obtaining user consent.
code_challenge	Recommended Specifies an encoded code_verifier that will be used as a server-side challenge during authorization code exchange. This parameter must be used with the code_challenge parameter described above. See create code challenge section above for more information.
code_challenge_method	Recommended Specifies what method was used to encode a code_verifier that will be used during authorization code exchange. This parameter must be used with the code_challenge parameter. The value of the code_challenge_method defaults to plain if not present in the request that includes a code_challenge. The only supported values for this parameter are S256 or plain.
state	Recommended Specifies any string value that your application uses to maintain state between your authorization request and the authorization server's response. The server returns the exact value that you send as a name=value pair in the URL fragment identifier (#) of the redirect_uri after the user consents to or denies your application's access request. You can use this parameter for several purposes, such as directing the user to the correct resource in your application, sending nonces, and mitigating cross-site request forgery. Since your redirect_uri can be guessed, using a state value can increase your assurance that an incoming connection is the result of an authentication request. If you generate a random string or encode the hash of a cookie or another value that captures the client's state, you can validate the response to additionally ensure that the request and response originated in the same browser, providing protection against attacks such as cross-site request forgery. See the OpenID Connect documentation for an example of how to create and confirm a state token.
login_hint	Optional If your application knows which user is trying to authenticate, it can use this parameter to provide a hint to the Google Authentication Server. The server uses the hint to simplify the login flow either by prefilling the email field in the sign-in form or by selecting the appropriate multi-login session. Set the parameter value to an email address or sub identifier, which is equivalent to the user's Google ID.

Note: incremental authorization with installed apps is not supported due to the fact that the client cannot keep the client_secret confidential.

Sample authorization URLs

The tabs below show sample authorization URLs for the different redirect URI options.

The URLs are identical except for the value of the redirect_uri parameter. The URLs also contain the required response_type and client_id parameters as well as the optional state parameter. Each URL contains line breaks and spaces for readability.

Custom URI scheme

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?
 scope=email%20profile&
 response_type=code&
 state=security_token%3D138r5719ru3e1%26url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Foauth2.example.com%2Ftoken&
 redirect_uri=com.example.app%3A/oauth2redirect&
 client_id=client_id

Loopback IP address

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?
 scope=email%20profile&
 response_type=code&
 state=security_token%3D138r5719ru3e1%26url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Foauth2.example.com%2Ftoken&
 redirect_uri=http%3A//127.0.0.1%3A9004&
 client_id=client_id

Copy/Paste

Important: This redirect URI option uses practices that may be less secure or user-friendly than other options.

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?
 scope=email%20profile&
 response_type=code&
 state=security_token%3D138r5719ru3e1%26url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Foauth2.example.com%2Ftoken&
 redirect_uri=urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob&
 client_id=client_id

Programmatic extraction

Important: This redirect URI option, which is designed for embedded browsers, is deprecated. Like the copy/paste option, it uses practices that may be less secure or user-friendly than other options.

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?
 scope=email%20profile&
 response_type=code&
 state=security_token%3D138r5719ru3e1%26url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Foauth2.example.com%2Ftoken&
 redirect_uri=urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob%3Aauto&
 client_id=client_id

Step 3: Google prompts user for consent

In this step, the user decides whether to grant your application the requested access. At this stage, Google displays a consent window that shows the name of your application and the Google API services that it is requesting permission to access with the user's authorization credentials and a summary of the scopes of access to be granted. The user can then consent to grant access to one or more scopes requested by your application or refuse the request.

Your application doesn't need to do anything at this stage as it waits for the response from Google's OAuth 2.0 server indicating whether any access was granted. That response is explained in the following step.

Step 4: Handle the OAuth 2.0 server response

The manner in which your application receives the authorization response depends on the redirect URI scheme that it uses. Regardless of the scheme, the response will either contain an authorization code (code) or an error (error). For example, error=access_denied indicates that the user declined the request.

If the user grants access to your application, you can exchange the authorization code for an access token and a refresh token as described in the next step.

Step 5: Exchange authorization code for refresh and access tokens

To exchange an authorization code for an access token, call the https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token endpoint and set the following parameters:

Fields
client_id	The client ID obtained from the API Console Credentials page.
client_secret	The client secret obtained from the API Console Credentials page.
code	The authorization code returned from the initial request.
code_verifier	The code verifier you created in Step 1.
grant_type	As defined in the OAuth 2.0 specification, this field must contain a value of authorization_code.
redirect_uri	One of the redirect URIs listed for your project in the API Console Credentials page for the given client_id.

The following snippet shows a sample request:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.googleapis.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

code=4/P7q7W91a-oMsCeLvIaQm6bTrgtp7&
client_id=your_client_id&
client_secret=your_client_secret&
redirect_uri=urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob%3Aauto&
grant_type=authorization_code

Google responds to this request by returning a JSON object that contains a short-lived access token and a refresh token.

The response contains the following fields:

Fields
access_token	The token that your application sends to authorize a Google API request.
expires_in	The remaining lifetime of the access token in seconds.
id_token	Note: This property is only returned if your request included an identity scope, such as openid, profile, or email. The value is a JSON Web Token (JWT) that contains digitally signed identity information about the user.
refresh_token	A token that you can use to obtain a new access token. Refresh tokens are valid until the user revokes access. Note that refresh tokens are always returned for installed applications.
scope	The scopes of access granted by the access_token expressed as a list of space-delimited, case-sensitive strings.
token_type	The type of token returned. At this time, this field's value is always set to Bearer.

Important: Your application should store both tokens in a secure, long-lived location that is accessible between different invocations of your application. The refresh token enables your application to obtain a new access token if the one that you have expires. As such, if your application loses the refresh token, the user will need to repeat the OAuth 2.0 consent flow so that your application can obtain a new refresh token.

The following snippet shows a sample response:

{
  "access_token": "1/fFAGRNJru1FTz70BzhT3Zg",
  "expires_in": 3920,
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "scope": "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive.metadata.readonly",
  "refresh_token": "1//xEoDL4iW3cxlI7yDbSRFYNG01kVKM2C-259HOF2aQbI"
}

Note: Your application should ignore any unrecognized fields included in the response.

Calling Google APIs

After your application obtains an access token, you can use the token to make calls to a Google API on behalf of a given user account if the scope(s) of access required by the API have been granted. To do this, include the access token in a request to the API by including either an access_token query parameter or an Authorization HTTP header Bearer value. When possible, the HTTP header is preferable, because query strings tend to be visible in server logs. In most cases you can use a client library to set up your calls to Google APIs (for example, when calling the Drive Files API).

You can try out all the Google APIs and view their scopes at the OAuth 2.0 Playground.

HTTP GET examples

A call to the drive.files endpoint (the Drive Files API) using the Authorization: Bearer HTTP header might look like the following. Note that you need to specify your own access token:

GET /drive/v2/files HTTP/1.1
Host: www.googleapis.com
Authorization: Bearer access_token

Here is a call to the same API for the authenticated user using the access_token query string parameter:

GET https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v2/files?access_token=access_token

curl examples

You can test these commands with the curl command-line application. Here's an example that uses the HTTP header option (preferred):

curl -H "Authorization: Bearer access_token" https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v2/files

Or, alternatively, the query string parameter option:

curl https://www.googleapis.com/drive/v2/files?access_token=access_token

Refreshing an access token

Access tokens periodically expire and become invalid credentials for a related API request. You can refresh an access token without prompting the user for permission (including when the user is not present) if you requested offline access to the scopes associated with the token.

To refresh an access token, your application sends an HTTPS POST request to Google's authorization server (https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token) that includes the following parameters:

Fields
client_id	The client ID obtained from the API Console.
client_secret	The client secret obtained from the API Console. (The client_secret is not applicable to requests from clients registered as Android, iOS, or Chrome applications.)
grant_type	As defined in the OAuth 2.0 specification, this field must contain a value of refresh_token.
refresh_token	The refresh token returned from the authorization code exchange.

The following snippet shows a sample request:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.googleapis.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=your_client_id&
client_secret=your_client_secret&
refresh_token=refresh_token&
grant_type=refresh_token

As long as the user has not revoked the access granted to the application, the token server returns a JSON object that contains a new access token. The following snippet shows a sample response:

{
  "access_token": "1/fFAGRNJru1FTz70BzhT3Zg",
  "expires_in": 3920,
  "scope": "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive.metadata.readonly",
  "token_type": "Bearer"
}

Note that there are limits on the number of refresh tokens that will be issued; one limit per client/user combination, and another per user across all clients. You should save refresh tokens in long-term storage and continue to use them as long as they remain valid. If your application requests too many refresh tokens, it may run into these limits, in which case older refresh tokens will stop working.

Revoking a token

In some cases a user may wish to revoke access given to an application. A user can revoke access by visiting Account Settings. See the Remove site or app access section of the Third-party sites & apps with access to your account support document for more information.

It is also possible for an application to programmatically revoke the access given to it. Programmatic revocation is important in instances where a user unsubscribes, removes an application, or the API resources required by an app have significantly changed. In other words, part of the removal process can include an API request to ensure the permissions previously granted to the application are removed.

To programmatically revoke a token, your application makes a request to https://oauth2.googleapis.com/revoke and includes the token as a parameter:

curl -H "Content-type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
        https://oauth2.googleapis.com/revoke?token={token}

The token can be an access token or a refresh token. If the token is an access token and it has a corresponding refresh token, the refresh token will also be revoked.

If the revocation is successfully processed, then the HTTP status code of the response is 200. For error conditions, an HTTP status code 400 is returned along with an error code.

Note: Following a successful revocation response, it might take some time before the revocation has full effect.

Further Reading

The IETF Best Current Practice OAuth 2.0 for Native Apps establishes many of the best practices documented here.