E‑Mails erstellen und senden

In diesem Dokument wird erläutert, wie Sie mit der Gmail API E‑Mail-Nachrichten erstellen und senden.

Es gibt zwei Möglichkeiten, E‑Mails mit der Gmail API zu senden:

  • Sie können sie direkt mit der messages.send Methode senden.
  • Sie können sie über einen Entwurf mit der drafts.send Methode senden. Weitere Informationen zum Senden von Entwürfen finden Sie unter Entwürfe senden.

Gmail-Nachrichten werden als base64URL-codierte Strings im raw Feld einer messages Ressource gesendet. So senden Sie eine E‑Mail-Nachricht:

  1. Erstellen Sie den E‑Mail-Inhalt und codieren Sie ihn als base64URL-String.
  2. Erstellen Sie eine neue Nachrichtenressource und legen Sie die Eigenschaft raw auf den gerade erstellten base64URL-String fest.
  3. Rufen Sie die messages.send Methode auf, um die Nachricht zu senden. Wenn Sie einen Entwurf senden, rufen Sie die drafts.send Methode auf.

Die Details dieses Workflows können je nach Clientbibliothek und Programmiersprache variieren.

Nachrichten erstellen

Für die Gmail API sind MIME-E‑Mail-Nachrichten erforderlich, die RFC 2822 entsprechen und als base64URL Strings codiert sind. Viele Programmiersprachen haben Bibliotheken oder Dienstprogramme, die das Erstellen und Codieren von MIME-Nachrichten vereinfachen.

Die folgenden Codebeispiele zeigen, wie Sie mit den Google API-Clientbibliotheken für verschiedene Sprachen eine MIME-Nachricht erstellen:

Java

Das Erstellen einer E‑Mail-Nachricht kann mit der Klasse MimeMessage im Paket javax.mail.internet vereinfacht werden. Das folgende Codebeispiel zeigt, wie Sie die E‑Mail-Nachricht einschließlich der Header erstellen:

gmail/snippets/src/main/java/CreateEmail.java
import java.util.Properties;
import javax.mail.MessagingException;
import javax.mail.Session;
import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage;

/* Class to demonstrate the use of Gmail Create Email API  */
public class CreateEmail {

  /**
   * Create a MimeMessage using the parameters provided.
   *
   * @param toEmailAddress   email address of the receiver
   * @param fromEmailAddress email address of the sender, the mailbox account
   * @param subject          subject of the email
   * @param bodyText         body text of the email
   * @return the MimeMessage to be used to send email
   * @throws MessagingException - if a wrongly formatted address is encountered.
   */
  public static MimeMessage createEmail(String toEmailAddress,
                                        String fromEmailAddress,
                                        String subject,
                                        String bodyText)
      throws MessagingException {
    Properties props = new Properties();
    Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);

    MimeMessage email = new MimeMessage(session);

    email.setFrom(new InternetAddress(fromEmailAddress));
    email.addRecipient(javax.mail.Message.RecipientType.TO,
        new InternetAddress(toEmailAddress));
    email.setSubject(subject);
    email.setText(bodyText);
    return email;
  }
}

Codieren Sie als Nächstes die MimeMessage, instanziieren Sie ein messages-Objekt und legen Sie den base64URL-codierten Nachrichtenstring als Wert der Eigenschaft raw fest.

gmail/snippets/src/main/java/CreateMessage.java
import com.google.api.services.gmail.model.Message;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.mail.MessagingException;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;

/* Class to demonstrate the use of Gmail Create Message API */
public class CreateMessage {

  /**
   * Create a message from an email.
   *
   * @param emailContent Email to be set to raw of message
   * @return a message containing a base64url encoded email
   * @throws IOException        - if service account credentials file not found.
   * @throws MessagingException - if a wrongly formatted address is encountered.
   */
  public static Message createMessageWithEmail(MimeMessage emailContent)
      throws MessagingException, IOException {
    ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    emailContent.writeTo(buffer);
    byte[] bytes = buffer.toByteArray();
    String encodedEmail = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(bytes);
    Message message = new Message();
    message.setRaw(encodedEmail);
    return message;
  }
}

Python

Das folgende Codebeispiel zeigt, wie Sie eine MIME-Nachricht erstellen, sie in einen base64URL-String codieren und dem Feld raw der messages-Ressource zuweisen:

gmail/snippet/send mail/create_draft.py
import base64
from email.message import EmailMessage

import google.auth
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
from googleapiclient.errors import HttpError


def gmail_create_draft():
  """Create and insert a draft email.
   Print the returned draft's message and id.
   Returns: Draft object, including draft id and message meta data.

  Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
  TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity
  for guides on implementing OAuth2 for the application.
  """
  creds, _ = google.auth.default()

  try:
    # create gmail api client
    service = build("gmail", "v1", credentials=creds)

    message = EmailMessage()

    message.set_content("This is automated draft mail")

    message["To"] = "gduser1@workspacesamples.dev"
    message["From"] = "gduser2@workspacesamples.dev"
    message["Subject"] = "Automated draft"

    # encoded message
    encoded_message = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_bytes()).decode()

    create_message = {"message": {"raw": encoded_message}}
    # pylint: disable=E1101
    draft = (
        service.users()
        .drafts()
        .create(userId="me", body=create_message)
        .execute()
    )

    print(f'Draft id: {draft["id"]}\nDraft message: {draft["message"]}')

  except HttpError as error:
    print(f"An error occurred: {error}")
    draft = None

  return draft


if __name__ == "__main__":
  gmail_create_draft()

cURL

curl --request POST \
  'https://gmail.googleapis.com/gmail/v1/users/me/drafts' \
  --header 'Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN' \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --data '{"message":{"raw":"MESSAGE"}}'

Ersetzen Sie Folgendes:

  • ACCESS_TOKEN: das Zugriffstoken, das Zugriff auf die API gewährt.
  • MESSAGE: die RFC 2822-formatierte MIME-Nachricht, codiert als base64URL.

Nachrichten mit Anhängen erstellen

Das Erstellen einer Nachricht mit einem Anhang ähnelt dem Erstellen einer anderen Nachricht. Das Hochladen der Datei als mehrteilige MIME-Nachricht hängt jedoch von der Programmiersprache ab.

Die folgenden Codebeispiele zeigen mögliche Möglichkeiten zum Erstellen einer mehrteiligen MIME-Nachricht mit einem Anhang:

Java

Das folgende Codebeispiel zeigt, wie Sie eine mehrteilige MIME-Nachricht erstellen. Die Codierungs- und Zuweisungsschritte sind dieselben wie beim Erstellen von Nachrichten.

gmail/snippets/src/main/java/CreateDraftWithAttachment.java
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.json.GoogleJsonError;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.json.GoogleJsonResponseException;
import com.google.api.client.http.HttpRequestInitializer;
import com.google.api.client.http.javanet.NetHttpTransport;
import com.google.api.client.json.gson.GsonFactory;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.Gmail;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.GmailScopes;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.model.Draft;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.model.Message;
import com.google.auth.http.HttpCredentialsAdapter;
import com.google.auth.oauth2.GoogleCredentials;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Properties;
import javax.activation.DataHandler;
import javax.activation.DataSource;
import javax.activation.FileDataSource;
import javax.mail.MessagingException;
import javax.mail.Multipart;
import javax.mail.Session;
import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeBodyPart;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeMultipart;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;

/* Class to demonstrate the use of Gmail Create Draft with attachment API */
public class CreateDraftWithAttachment {
  /**
   * Create a draft email with attachment.
   *
   * @param fromEmailAddress - Email address to appear in the from: header.
   * @param toEmailAddress   - Email address of the recipient.
   * @param file             - Path to the file to be attached.
   * @return the created draft, {@code null} otherwise.
   * @throws MessagingException - if a wrongly formatted address is encountered.
   * @throws IOException        - if service account credentials file not found.
   */
  public static Draft createDraftMessageWithAttachment(String fromEmailAddress,
                                                       String toEmailAddress,
                                                       File file)
      throws MessagingException, IOException {
        /* Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
         TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity for
          guides on implementing OAuth2 for your application.*/
    GoogleCredentials credentials = GoogleCredentials.getApplicationDefault()
        .createScoped(GmailScopes.GMAIL_COMPOSE);
    HttpRequestInitializer requestInitializer = new HttpCredentialsAdapter(credentials);

    // Create the gmail API client
    Gmail service = new Gmail.Builder(new NetHttpTransport(),
        GsonFactory.getDefaultInstance(),
        requestInitializer)
        .setApplicationName("Gmail samples")
        .build();

    // Create the email content
    String messageSubject = "Test message";
    String bodyText = "lorem ipsum.";

    // Encode as MIME message
    Properties props = new Properties();
    Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);
    MimeMessage email = new MimeMessage(session);
    email.setFrom(new InternetAddress(fromEmailAddress));
    email.addRecipient(javax.mail.Message.RecipientType.TO,
        new InternetAddress(toEmailAddress));
    email.setSubject(messageSubject);

    MimeBodyPart mimeBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart();
    mimeBodyPart.setContent(bodyText, "text/plain");
    Multipart multipart = new MimeMultipart();
    multipart.addBodyPart(mimeBodyPart);
    mimeBodyPart = new MimeBodyPart();
    DataSource source = new FileDataSource(file);
    mimeBodyPart.setDataHandler(new DataHandler(source));
    mimeBodyPart.setFileName(file.getName());
    multipart.addBodyPart(mimeBodyPart);
    email.setContent(multipart);

    // Encode and wrap the MIME message into a gmail message
    ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    email.writeTo(buffer);
    byte[] rawMessageBytes = buffer.toByteArray();
    String encodedEmail = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(rawMessageBytes);
    Message message = new Message();
    message.setRaw(encodedEmail);

    try {
      // Create the draft message
      Draft draft = new Draft();
      draft.setMessage(message);
      draft = service.users().drafts().create("me", draft).execute();
      System.out.println("Draft id: " + draft.getId());
      System.out.println(draft.toPrettyString());
      return draft;
    } catch (GoogleJsonResponseException e) {
      // TODO(developer) - handle error appropriately
      GoogleJsonError error = e.getDetails();
      if (error.getCode() == 403) {
        System.err.println("Unable to create draft: " + e.getDetails());
      } else {
        throw e;
      }
    }
    return null;
  }
}

Python

Ähnlich wie im Beispiel zum Erstellen von Nachrichten wird auch in diesem Beispiel die Nachricht in base64URL codiert und dem raw Feld der messages Ressource zugewiesen.

gmail/snippet/send mail/create_draft_with_attachment.py
import base64
import mimetypes
import os
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.text import MIMEText

import google.auth
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
from googleapiclient.errors import HttpError


def gmail_create_draft_with_attachment():
  """Create and insert a draft email with attachment.
   Print the returned draft's message and id.
  Returns: Draft object, including draft id and message meta data.

  Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
  TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity
  for guides on implementing OAuth2 for the application.
  """
  creds, _ = google.auth.default()

  try:
    # create gmail api client
    service = build("gmail", "v1", credentials=creds)
    mime_message = EmailMessage()

    # headers
    mime_message["To"] = "gduser1@workspacesamples.dev"
    mime_message["From"] = "gduser2@workspacesamples.dev"
    mime_message["Subject"] = "sample with attachment"

    # text
    mime_message.set_content(
        "Hi, this is automated mail with attachment.Please do not reply."
    )

    # attachment
    attachment_filename = "photo.jpg"
    # guessing the MIME type
    type_subtype, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(attachment_filename)
    maintype, subtype = type_subtype.split("/")

    with open(attachment_filename, "rb") as fp:
      attachment_data = fp.read()
    mime_message.add_attachment(attachment_data, maintype, subtype)

    encoded_message = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(mime_message.as_bytes()).decode()

    create_draft_request_body = {"message": {"raw": encoded_message}}
    # pylint: disable=E1101
    draft = (
        service.users()
        .drafts()
        .create(userId="me", body=create_draft_request_body)
        .execute()
    )
    print(f'Draft id: {draft["id"]}\nDraft message: {draft["message"]}')
  except HttpError as error:
    print(f"An error occurred: {error}")
    draft = None
  return draft


def build_file_part(file):
  """Creates a MIME part for a file.

  Args:
    file: The path to the file to be attached.

  Returns:
    A MIME part that can be attached to a message.
  """
  content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(file)

  if content_type is None or encoding is not None:
    content_type = "application/octet-stream"
  main_type, sub_type = content_type.split("/", 1)
  if main_type == "text":
    with open(file, "rb"):
      msg = MIMEText("r", _subtype=sub_type)
  elif main_type == "image":
    with open(file, "rb"):
      msg = MIMEImage("r", _subtype=sub_type)
  elif main_type == "audio":
    with open(file, "rb"):
      msg = MIMEAudio("r", _subtype=sub_type)
  else:
    with open(file, "rb"):
      msg = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type)
      msg.set_payload(file.read())
  filename = os.path.basename(file)
  msg.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=filename)
  return msg


if __name__ == "__main__":
  gmail_create_draft_with_attachment()

cURL

curl --request POST \
  'https://gmail.googleapis.com/gmail/v1/users/me/drafts' \
  --header 'Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN' \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --data '{"message":{"raw":"MESSAGE"}}'

Ersetzen Sie Folgendes:

  • ACCESS_TOKEN: das Zugriffstoken, das Zugriff auf die API gewährt.
  • MESSAGE: die RFC 2822-formatierte MIME-Nachricht mit einem Anhang, codiert als base64URL.

Nachrichten senden

Nachdem Sie eine Nachricht erstellt haben, können Sie sie senden, indem Sie sie im Anfragetext der messages.send Methode angeben, wie in den folgenden Beispielen gezeigt:

Java

gmail/snippets/src/main/java/SendMessage.java
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.json.GoogleJsonError;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.json.GoogleJsonResponseException;
import com.google.api.client.http.HttpRequestInitializer;
import com.google.api.client.http.javanet.NetHttpTransport;
import com.google.api.client.json.gson.GsonFactory;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.Gmail;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.GmailScopes;
import com.google.api.services.gmail.model.Message;
import com.google.auth.http.HttpCredentialsAdapter;
import com.google.auth.oauth2.GoogleCredentials;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Properties;
import javax.mail.MessagingException;
import javax.mail.Session;
import javax.mail.internet.InternetAddress;
import javax.mail.internet.MimeMessage;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;

/* Class to demonstrate the use of Gmail Send Message API */
public class SendMessage {
  /**
   * Send an email from the user's mailbox to its recipient.
   *
   * @param fromEmailAddress - Email address to appear in the from: header
   * @param toEmailAddress   - Email address of the recipient
   * @return the sent message, {@code null} otherwise.
   * @throws MessagingException - if a wrongly formatted address is encountered.
   * @throws IOException        - if service account credentials file not found.
   */
  public static Message sendEmail(String fromEmailAddress,
                                  String toEmailAddress)
      throws MessagingException, IOException {
        /* Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
           TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity for
            guides on implementing OAuth2 for your application.*/
    GoogleCredentials credentials = GoogleCredentials.getApplicationDefault()
        .createScoped(GmailScopes.GMAIL_SEND);
    HttpRequestInitializer requestInitializer = new HttpCredentialsAdapter(credentials);

    // Create the gmail API client
    Gmail service = new Gmail.Builder(new NetHttpTransport(),
        GsonFactory.getDefaultInstance(),
        requestInitializer)
        .setApplicationName("Gmail samples")
        .build();

    // Create the email content
    String messageSubject = "Test message";
    String bodyText = "lorem ipsum.";

    // Encode as MIME message
    Properties props = new Properties();
    Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);
    MimeMessage email = new MimeMessage(session);
    email.setFrom(new InternetAddress(fromEmailAddress));
    email.addRecipient(javax.mail.Message.RecipientType.TO,
        new InternetAddress(toEmailAddress));
    email.setSubject(messageSubject);
    email.setText(bodyText);

    // Encode and wrap the MIME message into a gmail message
    ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    email.writeTo(buffer);
    byte[] rawMessageBytes = buffer.toByteArray();
    String encodedEmail = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(rawMessageBytes);
    Message message = new Message();
    message.setRaw(encodedEmail);

    try {
      // Create send message
      message = service.users().messages().send("me", message).execute();
      System.out.println("Message id: " + message.getId());
      System.out.println(message.toPrettyString());
      return message;
    } catch (GoogleJsonResponseException e) {
      // TODO(developer) - handle error appropriately
      GoogleJsonError error = e.getDetails();
      if (error.getCode() == 403) {
        System.err.println("Unable to send message: " + e.getDetails());
      } else {
        throw e;
      }
    }
    return null;
  }
}

Python

gmail/snippet/send mail/send_message.py
import base64
from email.message import EmailMessage

import google.auth
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
from googleapiclient.errors import HttpError


def gmail_send_message():
  """Create and send an email message
  Print the returned  message id
  Returns: Message object, including message id

  Load pre-authorized user credentials from the environment.
  TODO(developer) - See https://developers.google.com/identity
  for guides on implementing OAuth2 for the application.
  """
  creds, _ = google.auth.default()

  try:
    service = build("gmail", "v1", credentials=creds)
    message = EmailMessage()

    message.set_content("This is automated draft mail")

    message["To"] = "gduser1@workspacesamples.dev"
    message["From"] = "gduser2@workspacesamples.dev"
    message["Subject"] = "Automated draft"

    # encoded message
    encoded_message = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_bytes()).decode()

    create_message = {"raw": encoded_message}
    # pylint: disable=E1101
    send_message = (
        service.users()
        .messages()
        .send(userId="me", body=create_message)
        .execute()
    )
    print(f'Message Id: {send_message["id"]}')
  except HttpError as error:
    print(f"An error occurred: {error}")
    send_message = None
  return send_message


if __name__ == "__main__":
  gmail_send_message()

cURL

curl --request POST \
  'https://gmail.googleapis.com/gmail/v1/users/me/messages/send' \
  --header 'Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN' \
  --header 'Accept: application/json' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  --data '{"raw":"MESSAGE"}'

Ersetzen Sie Folgendes:

  • ACCESS_TOKEN: das Zugriffstoken, das Zugriff auf die API gewährt.
  • MESSAGE: die RFC 2822-formatierte MIME-Nachricht, codiert als base64URL.

Wenn Sie eine Antwort senden und die E‑Mail in einem Thread gruppiert werden soll, prüfen Sie Folgendes:

  1. Die Subject-Header stimmen überein.
  2. Die References und In-Reply-To Header entsprechen dem RFC 2822-Standard.