How to cite OR-Tools and its solvers

OR-Tools is a suite of Google solvers (CP-SAT, GLOP, PDLP) and a solver-independent interface that can be used to call a multitude of open source and commercial solvers.

How to cite the CP-SAT solver, or the Flatzinc backend

Any publication referencing the CP-SAT solver, either directly, or through the linear solver wrapper (with the SAT_INTEGER_PROGRAMMING tag) or the flatzinc backend, should cite it as follows, updating the version number as appropriate:

OR-Tools CP-SAT v9.12. Laurent Perron and Frédéric Didier. https://developers.google.com/optimization/cp/cp_solver.

BibTeX:

@software{cpsatlp,
  title = {CP-SAT},
  version = { v9.12 },
  author = {Laurent Perron and Frédéric Didier},
  organization = {Google},
  url = {https://developers.google.com/optimization/cp/cp_solver/},
  date = { 2025-02-17 }
}

The following video of the CPAIOR 2020 masterclass on Constraint Programming can also be used as a reference:

BibTeX:

@misc{cpsatlp_cpaior_masterclass,
  title={CPAIOR 2020 Master Class: Constraint Programming},
  url={https://youtu.be/lmy1ddn4cyw},
  journal={CPAIOR},
  author={CPAIOR},
  year={2020},
  month={Sept.},
}

The following abstract refers to the plenary session given at the CP2023 conference in Toronto:

BibTeX:

@InProceedings{perron_et_al:LIPIcs.CP.2023.3,
  author =  {Perron, Laurent and Didier, Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric and Gay, Steven},
  title =   {The CP-SAT-LP Solver},
  booktitle =   {29th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2023)},
  pages =   {3:1--3:2},
  series =  {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =    {978-3-95977-300-3},
  ISSN =    {1868-8969},
  year =    {2023},
  volume =  {280},
  editor =  {Yap, Roland H. C.},
  publisher =   {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =     {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2023/19040},
  URN =     {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-190405},
  doi =     {10.4230/LIPIcs.CP.2023.3},
  annote =  {Keywords: Constraint Programming, Operations Research, Sat Solver}
}

How to cite the routing library

Any publication referencing the OR-Tools routing library should cite it as follows, updating the version number as appropriate:

OR-Tools Routing Library v9.12. Vincent Furnon and Laurent Perron. https://developers.google.com/optimization/routing/.

BibTeX:

@software{ortools_routing,
  title = {OR-Tools Routing Library},
  version = { v9.12 },
  author = {Vincent Furnon and Laurent Perron},
  organization = {Google},
  url = {https://developers.google.com/optimization/routing/},
  date = { 2025-02-17 }
}

How to cite the OR-Tools suite

Any publication referencing OR-Tools should cite it as follows, updating the version number as appropriate:

OR-Tools v9.12. Laurent Perron and Vincent Furnon. https://developers.google.com/optimization/.

BibTeX:

@software{ortools,
  title = {OR-Tools},
  version = { v9.12 },
  author = {Laurent Perron and Vincent Furnon},
  organization = {Google},
  url = {https://developers.google.com/optimization/},
  date = { 2025-02-17 }
}