對於大多數公開金鑰加密用途,我們建議使用 DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256、HKDF_SHA256、AES_256_GCM 金鑰類型的基本加密混合型加密基本功能。
公開金鑰加密包含使用兩個金鑰保護資料:一個公開金鑰和一個私密金鑰。「公開金鑰」用於加密,並使用「私密金鑰」進行解密。如果傳送者無法儲存密鑰,且需要用公開金鑰加密資料,這會是理想的選擇。
下列範例可協助您開始使用混合型加密原始物件:
C++
// A command-line utility for testing Tink Hybrid Encryption. #include <iostream> #include <memory> #include <ostream> #include <string> #include "absl/flags/flag.h" #include "absl/flags/parse.h" #include "absl/log/check.h" #include "absl/strings/string_view.h" #include "util/util.h" #ifndef TINK_EXAMPLES_EXCLUDE_HPKE #include "tink/hybrid/hpke_config.h" #endif #include "tink/hybrid/hybrid_config.h" #include "tink/hybrid_decrypt.h" #include "tink/hybrid_encrypt.h" #include "tink/keyset_handle.h" #include "tink/util/status.h" ABSL_FLAG(std::string, keyset_filename, "", "Keyset file in JSON format"); ABSL_FLAG(std::string, mode, "", "Mode of operation {encrypt|decrypt}"); ABSL_FLAG(std::string, input_filename, "", "Input file name"); ABSL_FLAG(std::string, output_filename, "", "Output file name"); ABSL_FLAG(std::string, context_info, "", "Context info for Hybrid Encryption/Decryption"); namespace { using ::crypto::tink::HybridDecrypt; using ::crypto::tink::HybridEncrypt; using ::crypto::tink::KeysetHandle; using ::crypto::tink::util::Status; using ::crypto::tink::util::StatusOr; constexpr absl::string_view kEncrypt = "encrypt"; constexpr absl::string_view kDecrypt = "decrypt"; void ValidateParams() { // ... } } // namespace namespace tink_cc_examples { Status HybridCli(absl::string_view mode, const std::string& keyset_filename, const std::string& input_filename, const std::string& output_filename, absl::string_view context_info) { Status result = crypto::tink::HybridConfig::Register(); if (!result.ok()) return result; #ifndef TINK_EXAMPLES_EXCLUDE_HPKE // HPKE isn't supported when using OpenSSL as a backend. result = crypto::tink::RegisterHpke(); if (!result.ok()) return result; #endif // Read the keyset from file. StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<KeysetHandle>> keyset_handle = ReadJsonCleartextKeyset(keyset_filename); if (!keyset_handle.ok()) return keyset_handle.status(); // Read the input. StatusOr<std::string> input_file_content = ReadFile(input_filename); if (!input_file_content.ok()) return input_file_content.status(); // Compute the output. std::string output; if (mode == kEncrypt) { // Get the hybrid encryption primitive. StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<HybridEncrypt>> hybrid_encrypt_primitive = (*keyset_handle) ->GetPrimitive<crypto::tink::HybridEncrypt>( crypto::tink::ConfigGlobalRegistry()); if (!hybrid_encrypt_primitive.ok()) { return hybrid_encrypt_primitive.status(); } // Generate the ciphertext. StatusOr<std::string> encrypt_result = (*hybrid_encrypt_primitive)->Encrypt(*input_file_content, context_info); if (!encrypt_result.ok()) return encrypt_result.status(); output = encrypt_result.value(); } else { // operation == kDecrypt. // Get the hybrid decryption primitive. StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<HybridDecrypt>> hybrid_decrypt_primitive = (*keyset_handle) ->GetPrimitive<crypto::tink::HybridDecrypt>( crypto::tink::ConfigGlobalRegistry()); if (!hybrid_decrypt_primitive.ok()) { return hybrid_decrypt_primitive.status(); } // Recover the plaintext. StatusOr<std::string> decrypt_result = (*hybrid_decrypt_primitive)->Decrypt(*input_file_content, context_info); if (!decrypt_result.ok()) return decrypt_result.status(); output = decrypt_result.value(); } // Write the output to the output file. return WriteToFile(output, output_filename); } } // namespace tink_cc_examples int main(int argc, char** argv) { absl::ParseCommandLine(argc, argv); ValidateParams(); std::string mode = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_mode); std::string keyset_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_keyset_filename); std::string input_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_input_filename); std::string output_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_output_filename); std::string context_info = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_context_info); std::clog << "Using keyset from file " << keyset_filename << " to hybrid " << mode << " file " << input_filename << " with context info '" << context_info << "'." << std::endl; std::clog << "The resulting output will be written to " << output_filename << std::endl; CHECK_OK(tink_cc_examples::HybridCli(mode, keyset_filename, input_filename, output_filename, context_info)); return 0; }
查看
import ( "bytes" "fmt" "log" "github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/hybrid" "github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/insecurecleartextkeyset" "github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/keyset" ) func Example() { // A private keyset created with // "tinkey create-keyset --key-template=DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM --out private_keyset.cfg". // Note that this keyset has the secret key information in cleartext. privateJSONKeyset := `{ "key": [{ "keyData": { "keyMaterialType": "ASYMMETRIC_PRIVATE", "typeUrl": "type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePrivateKey", "value": "EioSBggBEAEYAhogVWQpmQoz74jcAp5WOD36KiBQ71MVCpn2iWfOzWLtKV4aINfn8qlMbyijNJcCzrafjsgJ493ZZGN256KTfKw0WN+p" }, "keyId": 958452012, "outputPrefixType": "TINK", "status": "ENABLED" }], "primaryKeyId": 958452012 }` // The corresponding public keyset created with // "tinkey create-public-keyset --in private_keyset.cfg". publicJSONKeyset := `{ "key": [{ "keyData": { "keyMaterialType": "ASYMMETRIC_PUBLIC", "typeUrl": "type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePublicKey", "value": "EgYIARABGAIaIFVkKZkKM++I3AKeVjg9+iogUO9TFQqZ9olnzs1i7Sle" }, "keyId": 958452012, "outputPrefixType": "TINK", "status": "ENABLED" }], "primaryKeyId": 958452012 }` // Create a keyset handle from the keyset containing the public key. Because the // public keyset does not contain any secrets, we can use [keyset.ReadWithNoSecrets]. publicKeysetHandle, err := keyset.ReadWithNoSecrets( keyset.NewJSONReader(bytes.NewBufferString(publicJSONKeyset))) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Retrieve the HybridEncrypt primitive from publicKeysetHandle. encPrimitive, err := hybrid.NewHybridEncrypt(publicKeysetHandle) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } plaintext := []byte("message") encryptionContext := []byte("encryption context") ciphertext, err := encPrimitive.Encrypt(plaintext, encryptionContext) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Create a keyset handle from the cleartext private keyset in the previous // step. The keyset handle provides abstract access to the underlying keyset to // limit the access of the raw key material. WARNING: In practice, // it is unlikely you will want to use a insecurecleartextkeyset, as it implies // that your key material is passed in cleartext, which is a security risk. // Consider encrypting it with a remote key in Cloud KMS, AWS KMS or HashiCorp Vault. // See https://github.com/google/tink/blob/master/docs/GOLANG-HOWTO.md#storing-and-loading-existing-keysets. privateKeysetHandle, err := insecurecleartextkeyset.Read( keyset.NewJSONReader(bytes.NewBufferString(privateJSONKeyset))) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } // Retrieve the HybridDecrypt primitive from privateKeysetHandle. decPrimitive, err := hybrid.NewHybridDecrypt(privateKeysetHandle) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } decrypted, err := decPrimitive.Decrypt(ciphertext, encryptionContext) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Println(string(decrypted)) // Output: message }
Java
package hybrid; import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8; import com.google.crypto.tink.HybridDecrypt; import com.google.crypto.tink.HybridEncrypt; import com.google.crypto.tink.InsecureSecretKeyAccess; import com.google.crypto.tink.KeysetHandle; import com.google.crypto.tink.TinkJsonProtoKeysetFormat; import com.google.crypto.tink.hybrid.HybridConfig; import java.nio.file.Files; import java.nio.file.Path; import java.nio.file.Paths; /** * A command-line utility for hybrid encryption. * * <p>It loads cleartext keys from disk - this is not recommended! * * <p>It requires the following arguments: * * <ul> * <li>mode: either 'encrypt' or 'decrypt'. * <li>key-file: Read the key material from this file. * <li>input-file: Read the input from this file. * <li>output-file: Write the result to this file. * <li>[optional] contex-info: Bind the encryption to this context info. */ public final class HybridExample { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { if (args.length != 4 && args.length != 5) { System.err.printf("Expected 4 or 5 parameters, got %d\n", args.length); System.err.println( "Usage: java HybridExample encrypt/decrypt key-file input-file output-file context-info"); System.exit(1); } String mode = args[0]; if (!mode.equals("encrypt") && !mode.equals("decrypt")) { System.err.println("Incorrect mode. Please select encrypt or decrypt."); System.exit(1); } Path keyFile = Paths.get(args[1]); Path inputFile = Paths.get(args[2]); byte[] input = Files.readAllBytes(inputFile); Path outputFile = Paths.get(args[3]); byte[] contextInfo = new byte[0]; if (args.length == 5) { contextInfo = args[4].getBytes(UTF_8); } // Register all hybrid encryption key types with the Tink runtime. HybridConfig.register(); // Read the keyset into a KeysetHandle. KeysetHandle handle = TinkJsonProtoKeysetFormat.parseKeyset( new String(Files.readAllBytes(keyFile), UTF_8), InsecureSecretKeyAccess.get()); if (mode.equals("encrypt")) { // Get the primitive. HybridEncrypt encryptor = handle.getPrimitive(HybridEncrypt.class); // Use the primitive to encrypt data. byte[] ciphertext = encryptor.encrypt(input, contextInfo); Files.write(outputFile, ciphertext); } else { HybridDecrypt decryptor = handle.getPrimitive(HybridDecrypt.class); // Use the primitive to decrypt data. byte[] plaintext = decryptor.decrypt(input, contextInfo); Files.write(outputFile, plaintext); } } private HybridExample() {} }
Obj-C
Python
import tink from tink import hybrid from tink import secret_key_access def example(): """Encrypt and decrypt using hybrid encryption.""" # Register the hybrid encryption key managers. This is needed to create # HybridEncrypt and HybridDecrypt primitives later. hybrid.register() # A private keyset created with # tinkey create-keyset \ # --key-template=DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM \ # --out private_keyset.cfg # Note that this keyset has the secret key information in cleartext. private_keyset = r"""{ "key": [{ "keyData": { "keyMaterialType": "ASYMMETRIC_PRIVATE", "typeUrl": "type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePrivateKey", "value": "EioSBggBEAEYAhogVWQpmQoz74jcAp5WOD36KiBQ71MVCpn2iWfOzWLtKV4aINfn8qlMbyijNJcCzrafjsgJ493ZZGN256KTfKw0WN+p" }, "keyId": 958452012, "outputPrefixType": "TINK", "status": "ENABLED" }], "primaryKeyId": 958452012 }""" # The corresponding public keyset created with # "tinkey create-public-keyset --in private_keyset.cfg" public_keyset = r"""{ "key": [{ "keyData": { "keyMaterialType": "ASYMMETRIC_PUBLIC", "typeUrl": "type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePublicKey", "value": "EgYIARABGAIaIFVkKZkKM++I3AKeVjg9+iogUO9TFQqZ9olnzs1i7Sle" }, "keyId": 958452012, "outputPrefixType": "TINK", "status": "ENABLED" }], "primaryKeyId": 958452012 }""" # Create a keyset handle from the keyset containing the public key. Because # this keyset does not contain any secrets, we can use # `parse_without_secret`. public_keyset_handle = tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse_without_secret( public_keyset ) # Retrieve the HybridEncrypt primitive from the keyset handle. enc_primitive = public_keyset_handle.primitive(hybrid.HybridEncrypt) # Use enc_primitive to encrypt a message. In this case the primary key of the # keyset will be used (which is also the only key in this example). ciphertext = enc_primitive.encrypt(b'message', b'context_info') # Create a keyset handle from the private keyset. The keyset handle provides # abstract access to the underlying keyset to limit the exposure of accessing # the raw key material. WARNING: In practice, it is unlikely you will want to # use a tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse, as it implies that your key # material is passed in cleartext which is a security risk. private_keyset_handle = tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse( private_keyset, secret_key_access.TOKEN ) # Retrieve the HybridDecrypt primitive from the private keyset handle. dec_primitive = private_keyset_handle.primitive(hybrid.HybridDecrypt) # Use dec_primitive to decrypt the message. Decrypt finds the correct key in # the keyset and decrypts the ciphertext. If no key is found or decryption # fails, it raises an error. decrypted = dec_primitive.decrypt(ciphertext, b'context_info')
混合型加密
混合型加密基本功能結合對稱加密的效率與公開金鑰 (非對稱式) 密碼編譯的便利性。任何人都可以使用公開金鑰加密資料,但只有知道私密金鑰的使用者才能解密資料。
針對混合型加密,傳送者會產生新的對稱金鑰,用於加密每則訊息的明文並產生密文。該對稱金鑰會與收件者的公開金鑰封裝。如果是混合解密,對稱金鑰會由接收者「淘汰」,然後用於解密密文來復原原始明文。如要進一步瞭解如何儲存或傳送密文以及金鑰封裝,請參閱 Tink 混合型加密傳輸格式。
混合型加密具有下列屬性:
- 密碼:除非有人能存取私密金鑰,否則無法取得已加密明文的任何相關資訊 (長度除外)。
- 非對稱式:您可以使用公開金鑰加密密文,但如要解密,則必須使用私密金鑰。
- 隨機:系統以隨機方式加密。具有相同明文的兩個訊息不會產生相同密文。這可以防止攻擊者知道哪個密文對應至指定明文。
Tink 採用的混合加密技術在 Tink 中會顯示為一對原始物件:
- 使用 HybridEncrypt 進行加密
- 用於解密的 HybridDecrypt
結構定義資訊參數
除了明文以外,混合式加密也接受額外的參數 context_info
,這通常是從結構定義中隱含的公開資料,但應繫結至產生的密文。這表示密文可讓您確認背景資訊的完整性,但無法保證其安全性或真實性。實際背景資訊可以是空白或空值,但為了確保產生的密文正確解密,您必須提供相同的結構定義資訊值以進行解密。
具體實作混合型加密,可透過多種方式將背景資訊繫結至密文,例如:
- 將
context_info
做為 AEAD 對稱加密的關聯資料輸入 (請參閱 RFC 5116)。 - 使用
context_info
做為 HKDF 的「CtxInfo」輸入 (如果實作使用 HKDF 做為金鑰衍生函式,請參閱 RFC 5869)。
選擇金鑰類型
針對大部分用途,我們建議使用 DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM
金鑰類型。這個金鑰類型會實作 RFC 9180 中指定的混合公開金鑰加密 (HPKE) 標準。HPKE 包含金鑰封裝機制 (KEM)、金鑰衍生函式 (KDF),以及用於相關資料 (AEAD) 演算法的已驗證加密機制。
DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM
專任員工:
- KEM:Curve25519 上的 Diffie–Hellman 使用 HKDF-SHA-256 衍生出共用密鑰。
- KDF:HKDF-SHA-256 擷取傳送者和接收方的背景資訊。
- AEAD:AES-256-GCM,以及根據 HPKE 標準產生的 12 位元組 Nonce。
其他支援的 HPKE 金鑰類型 (但不限於) 以下類型:
DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_128_GCM
DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_CHACHA20_POLY1305
DHKEM_P256_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_128_GCM
DHKEM_P521_HKDF_SHA512_HKDF_SHA512_AES_256_GCM
如要進一步瞭解 KEM、KDF 和 AEAD 的演算法選擇,請參閱 RFC 9180。
雖然已不再建議使用,但 Tink 也支援某些 ECIES 變化版本,如 Victor Shoup 的 ISO 18033-2 標準所述。以下列出部分支援的 ECIES 索引鍵類型:
ECIES_P256_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_GCM
ECIES_P256_COMPRESSED_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_GCM
ECIES_P256_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256
ECIES_P256_COMPRESSED_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256
最少屬性
- 純文字和背景資訊可以有任意長度 (在 0..232 個位元組範圍內)
- 防範自動調整選擇的密文攻擊
- 128 位元安全防護機制,適用於橢圓曲線配置