Kami merekomendasikan primitif Enkripsi Hybrid dengan jenis kunci DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256, HKDF_SHA256, AES_256_GCM untuk sebagian besar kasus penggunaan enkripsi kunci publik.
Enkripsi kunci publik melibatkan perlindungan data dengan dua kunci: satu publik dan satu pribadi. Kunci publik digunakan untuk enkripsi dan kunci pribadi digunakan untuk dekripsi. Ini adalah pilihan yang baik jika pengirim tidak dapat menyimpan rahasia dan harus mengenkripsi data dengan kunci publik.
Contoh berikut membantu Anda mulai menggunakan primitif Enkripsi Hybrid:
C++
// A command-line utility for testing Tink Hybrid Encryption.
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
#include "absl/flags/parse.h"
#include "absl/log/check.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "util/util.h"
#ifndef TINK_EXAMPLES_EXCLUDE_HPKE
#include "tink/hybrid/hpke_config.h"
#endif
#include "tink/hybrid/hybrid_config.h"
#include "tink/hybrid_decrypt.h"
#include "tink/hybrid_encrypt.h"
#include "tink/keyset_handle.h"
#include "tink/util/status.h"
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, keyset_filename, "", "Keyset file in JSON format");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, mode, "", "Mode of operation {encrypt|decrypt}");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, input_filename, "", "Input file name");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, output_filename, "", "Output file name");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, context_info, "",
"Context info for Hybrid Encryption/Decryption");
namespace {
using ::crypto::tink::HybridDecrypt;
using ::crypto::tink::HybridEncrypt;
using ::crypto::tink::KeysetHandle;
using ::crypto::tink::util::Status;
using ::crypto::tink::util::StatusOr;
constexpr absl::string_view kEncrypt = "encrypt";
constexpr absl::string_view kDecrypt = "decrypt";
void ValidateParams() {
// ...
}
} // namespace
namespace tink_cc_examples {
Status HybridCli(absl::string_view mode, const std::string& keyset_filename,
const std::string& input_filename,
const std::string& output_filename,
absl::string_view context_info) {
Status result = crypto::tink::HybridConfig::Register();
if (!result.ok()) return result;
#ifndef TINK_EXAMPLES_EXCLUDE_HPKE
// HPKE isn't supported when using OpenSSL as a backend.
result = crypto::tink::RegisterHpke();
if (!result.ok()) return result;
#endif
// Read the keyset from file.
StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<KeysetHandle>> keyset_handle =
ReadJsonCleartextKeyset(keyset_filename);
if (!keyset_handle.ok()) return keyset_handle.status();
// Read the input.
StatusOr<std::string> input_file_content = ReadFile(input_filename);
if (!input_file_content.ok()) return input_file_content.status();
// Compute the output.
std::string output;
if (mode == kEncrypt) {
// Get the hybrid encryption primitive.
StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<HybridEncrypt>> hybrid_encrypt_primitive =
(*keyset_handle)
->GetPrimitive<crypto::tink::HybridEncrypt>(
crypto::tink::ConfigGlobalRegistry());
if (!hybrid_encrypt_primitive.ok()) {
return hybrid_encrypt_primitive.status();
}
// Generate the ciphertext.
StatusOr<std::string> encrypt_result =
(*hybrid_encrypt_primitive)->Encrypt(*input_file_content, context_info);
if (!encrypt_result.ok()) return encrypt_result.status();
output = encrypt_result.value();
} else { // operation == kDecrypt.
// Get the hybrid decryption primitive.
StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<HybridDecrypt>> hybrid_decrypt_primitive =
(*keyset_handle)
->GetPrimitive<crypto::tink::HybridDecrypt>(
crypto::tink::ConfigGlobalRegistry());
if (!hybrid_decrypt_primitive.ok()) {
return hybrid_decrypt_primitive.status();
}
// Recover the plaintext.
StatusOr<std::string> decrypt_result =
(*hybrid_decrypt_primitive)->Decrypt(*input_file_content, context_info);
if (!decrypt_result.ok()) return decrypt_result.status();
output = decrypt_result.value();
}
// Write the output to the output file.
return WriteToFile(output, output_filename);
}
} // namespace tink_cc_examples
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
absl::ParseCommandLine(argc, argv);
ValidateParams();
std::string mode = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_mode);
std::string keyset_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_keyset_filename);
std::string input_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_input_filename);
std::string output_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_output_filename);
std::string context_info = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_context_info);
std::clog << "Using keyset from file " << keyset_filename << " to hybrid "
<< mode << " file " << input_filename << " with context info '"
<< context_info << "'." << std::endl;
std::clog << "The resulting output will be written to " << output_filename
<< std::endl;
CHECK_OK(tink_cc_examples::HybridCli(mode, keyset_filename, input_filename,
output_filename, context_info));
return 0;
}
Go
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"log"
"github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/hybrid"
"github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/insecurecleartextkeyset"
"github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/keyset"
)
func Example() {
// A private keyset created with
// "tinkey create-keyset --key-template=DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM --out private_keyset.cfg".
// Note that this keyset has the secret key information in cleartext.
privateJSONKeyset := `{
"key": [{
"keyData": {
"keyMaterialType":
"ASYMMETRIC_PRIVATE",
"typeUrl":
"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePrivateKey",
"value":
"EioSBggBEAEYAhogVWQpmQoz74jcAp5WOD36KiBQ71MVCpn2iWfOzWLtKV4aINfn8qlMbyijNJcCzrafjsgJ493ZZGN256KTfKw0WN+p"
},
"keyId": 958452012,
"outputPrefixType": "TINK",
"status": "ENABLED"
}],
"primaryKeyId": 958452012
}`
// The corresponding public keyset created with
// "tinkey create-public-keyset --in private_keyset.cfg".
publicJSONKeyset := `{
"key": [{
"keyData": {
"keyMaterialType":
"ASYMMETRIC_PUBLIC",
"typeUrl":
"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePublicKey",
"value":
"EgYIARABGAIaIFVkKZkKM++I3AKeVjg9+iogUO9TFQqZ9olnzs1i7Sle"
},
"keyId": 958452012,
"outputPrefixType": "TINK",
"status": "ENABLED"
}],
"primaryKeyId": 958452012
}`
// Create a keyset handle from the keyset containing the public key. Because the
// public keyset does not contain any secrets, we can use [keyset.ReadWithNoSecrets].
publicKeysetHandle, err := keyset.ReadWithNoSecrets(
keyset.NewJSONReader(bytes.NewBufferString(publicJSONKeyset)))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Retrieve the HybridEncrypt primitive from publicKeysetHandle.
encPrimitive, err := hybrid.NewHybridEncrypt(publicKeysetHandle)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
plaintext := []byte("message")
encryptionContext := []byte("encryption context")
ciphertext, err := encPrimitive.Encrypt(plaintext, encryptionContext)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Create a keyset handle from the cleartext private keyset in the previous
// step. The keyset handle provides abstract access to the underlying keyset to
// limit the access of the raw key material. WARNING: In practice,
// it is unlikely you will want to use a insecurecleartextkeyset, as it implies
// that your key material is passed in cleartext, which is a security risk.
// Consider encrypting it with a remote key in Cloud KMS, AWS KMS or HashiCorp Vault.
// See https://github.com/google/tink/blob/master/docs/GOLANG-HOWTO.md#storing-and-loading-existing-keysets.
privateKeysetHandle, err := insecurecleartextkeyset.Read(
keyset.NewJSONReader(bytes.NewBufferString(privateJSONKeyset)))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Retrieve the HybridDecrypt primitive from privateKeysetHandle.
decPrimitive, err := hybrid.NewHybridDecrypt(privateKeysetHandle)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
decrypted, err := decPrimitive.Decrypt(ciphertext, encryptionContext)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(decrypted))
// Output: message
}
Java
package hybrid;
import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
import com.google.crypto.tink.HybridDecrypt;
import com.google.crypto.tink.HybridEncrypt;
import com.google.crypto.tink.InsecureSecretKeyAccess;
import com.google.crypto.tink.KeysetHandle;
import com.google.crypto.tink.TinkJsonProtoKeysetFormat;
import com.google.crypto.tink.hybrid.HybridConfig;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
/**
* A command-line utility for hybrid encryption.
*
* <p>It loads cleartext keys from disk - this is not recommended!
*
* <p>It requires the following arguments:
*
* <ul>
* <li>mode: either 'encrypt' or 'decrypt'.
* <li>key-file: Read the key material from this file.
* <li>input-file: Read the input from this file.
* <li>output-file: Write the result to this file.
* <li>[optional] contex-info: Bind the encryption to this context info.
*/
public final class HybridExample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 4 && args.length != 5) {
System.err.printf("Expected 4 or 5 parameters, got %d\n", args.length);
System.err.println(
"Usage: java HybridExample encrypt/decrypt key-file input-file output-file context-info");
System.exit(1);
}
String mode = args[0];
if (!mode.equals("encrypt") && !mode.equals("decrypt")) {
System.err.println("Incorrect mode. Please select encrypt or decrypt.");
System.exit(1);
}
Path keyFile = Paths.get(args[1]);
Path inputFile = Paths.get(args[2]);
byte[] input = Files.readAllBytes(inputFile);
Path outputFile = Paths.get(args[3]);
byte[] contextInfo = new byte[0];
if (args.length == 5) {
contextInfo = args[4].getBytes(UTF_8);
}
// Register all hybrid encryption key types with the Tink runtime.
HybridConfig.register();
// Read the keyset into a KeysetHandle.
KeysetHandle handle =
TinkJsonProtoKeysetFormat.parseKeyset(
new String(Files.readAllBytes(keyFile), UTF_8), InsecureSecretKeyAccess.get());
if (mode.equals("encrypt")) {
// Get the primitive.
HybridEncrypt encryptor = handle.getPrimitive(HybridEncrypt.class);
// Use the primitive to encrypt data.
byte[] ciphertext = encryptor.encrypt(input, contextInfo);
Files.write(outputFile, ciphertext);
} else {
HybridDecrypt decryptor = handle.getPrimitive(HybridDecrypt.class);
// Use the primitive to decrypt data.
byte[] plaintext = decryptor.decrypt(input, contextInfo);
Files.write(outputFile, plaintext);
}
}
private HybridExample() {}
}
Obj-C
Python
import tink
from tink import hybrid
from tink import secret_key_access
def example():
"""Encrypt and decrypt using hybrid encryption."""
# Register the hybrid encryption key managers. This is needed to create
# HybridEncrypt and HybridDecrypt primitives later.
hybrid.register()
# A private keyset created with
# tinkey create-keyset \
# --key-template=DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM \
# --out private_keyset.cfg
# Note that this keyset has the secret key information in cleartext.
private_keyset = r"""{
"key": [{
"keyData": {
"keyMaterialType":
"ASYMMETRIC_PRIVATE",
"typeUrl":
"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePrivateKey",
"value":
"EioSBggBEAEYAhogVWQpmQoz74jcAp5WOD36KiBQ71MVCpn2iWfOzWLtKV4aINfn8qlMbyijNJcCzrafjsgJ493ZZGN256KTfKw0WN+p"
},
"keyId": 958452012,
"outputPrefixType": "TINK",
"status": "ENABLED"
}],
"primaryKeyId": 958452012
}"""
# The corresponding public keyset created with
# "tinkey create-public-keyset --in private_keyset.cfg"
public_keyset = r"""{
"key": [{
"keyData": {
"keyMaterialType":
"ASYMMETRIC_PUBLIC",
"typeUrl":
"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.HpkePublicKey",
"value":
"EgYIARABGAIaIFVkKZkKM++I3AKeVjg9+iogUO9TFQqZ9olnzs1i7Sle" },
"keyId": 958452012,
"outputPrefixType": "TINK",
"status": "ENABLED"
}],
"primaryKeyId": 958452012
}"""
# Create a keyset handle from the keyset containing the public key. Because
# this keyset does not contain any secrets, we can use
# `parse_without_secret`.
public_keyset_handle = tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse_without_secret(
public_keyset
)
# Retrieve the HybridEncrypt primitive from the keyset handle.
enc_primitive = public_keyset_handle.primitive(hybrid.HybridEncrypt)
# Use enc_primitive to encrypt a message. In this case the primary key of the
# keyset will be used (which is also the only key in this example).
ciphertext = enc_primitive.encrypt(b'message', b'context_info')
# Create a keyset handle from the private keyset. The keyset handle provides
# abstract access to the underlying keyset to limit the exposure of accessing
# the raw key material. WARNING: In practice, it is unlikely you will want to
# use a tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse, as it implies that your key
# material is passed in cleartext which is a security risk.
private_keyset_handle = tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse(
private_keyset, secret_key_access.TOKEN
)
# Retrieve the HybridDecrypt primitive from the private keyset handle.
dec_primitive = private_keyset_handle.primitive(hybrid.HybridDecrypt)
# Use dec_primitive to decrypt the message. Decrypt finds the correct key in
# the keyset and decrypts the ciphertext. If no key is found or decryption
# fails, it raises an error.
decrypted = dec_primitive.decrypt(ciphertext, b'context_info')
Enkripsi Hybrid
Primitif Enkripsi Hybrid menggabungkan efisiensi enkripsi simetris dengan kemudahan kriptografi kunci publik (asimetris). Siapa pun dapat mengenkripsi data menggunakan kunci publik, tetapi hanya pengguna dengan kunci pribadi yang dapat mendekripsi data tersebut.
Untuk Enkripsi Hybrid, pengirim menghasilkan kunci simetris baru untuk mengenkripsi teks biasa dari setiap pesan agar menghasilkan ciphertext. Kunci simetris tersebut dienkapsulasi dengan kunci publik penerima. Untuk Dekripsi Hybrid, kunci simetris didekapsulasi oleh penerima, lalu digunakan untuk mendekripsi ciphertext guna memulihkan teks biasa yang asli. Lihat Format kabel Enkripsi Hybrid Tink untuk mengetahui detail cara menyimpan atau mengirimkan ciphertext beserta enkapsulasi kunci.
Enkripsi Hybrid memiliki properti berikut:
- Kerahasiaan: Tidak ada yang bisa mendapatkan informasi tentang teks biasa yang dienkripsi (kecuali panjangnya), kecuali jika mereka memiliki akses ke kunci pribadi.
- Asimetri: Mengenkripsi ciphertext dapat dilakukan dengan kunci publik, tetapi untuk dekripsi, kunci pribadi diperlukan.
- Pengacakan: Enkripsi diacak. Dua pesan dengan teks polos yang sama tidak akan menghasilkan teks tersandi yang sama. Hal ini mencegah penyerang mengetahui teks tersandi mana yang sesuai dengan teks polos.
Enkripsi Hybrid direpresentasikan di Tink sebagai pasangan primitif:
- HybridEncrypt untuk enkripsi
- HybridDecrypt untuk dekripsi
Parameter info konteks
Selain teks biasa, Enkripsi Hybrid menerima parameter tambahan,
context_info, yang biasanya merupakan data publik implisit dari konteks, tetapi
harus terikat dengan ciphertext yang dihasilkan. Artinya, ciphertext ini memungkinkan Anda mengonfirmasi integritas info konteks, tetapi tidak ada jaminan kerahasiaan atau keasliannya. Info konteks sebenarnya boleh kosong
atau null, tetapi untuk memastikan dekripsi teks tersandi yang dihasilkan benar, nilai info konteks yang sama harus diberikan untuk dekripsi.
Penerapan konkret Enkripsi Hybrid dapat mengikat info konteks ke teks cipher dalam berbagai cara, misalnya:
- Menggunakan
context_infosebagai input data terkait untuk enkripsi simetris AEAD (lihat RFC 5116). - Gunakan
context_infosebagai input "CtxInfo" untuk HKDF (jika implementasinya menggunakan HKDF sebagai fungsi turunan kunci, lihat RFC 5869).
Pilih jenis kunci
Sebaiknya gunakan jenis kunci DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM
untuk sebagian besar kasus penggunaan. Jenis kunci ini menerapkan standar Hybrid Public Key
Encryption (HPKE) seperti yang ditetapkan dalam RFC
9180. HPKE terdiri dari
mekanisme enkapsulasi kunci (KEM), fungsi turunan kunci (KDF), dan
enkripsi terautentikasi dengan algoritma data terkait (AEAD).
DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_256_GCM secara khusus menggunakan:
- KEM: Diffie–Hellman melalui Curve25519 dengan HKDF-SHA-256 untuk mendapatkan rahasia bersama.
- KDF: HKDF-SHA-256 untuk memperoleh konteks pengirim dan penerima.
- AEAD: AES-256-GCM dengan nonce 12 byte yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan standar HPKE.
Jenis kunci HPKE lain yang didukung termasuk, tetapi tidak terbatas pada, hal berikut:
DHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_128_GCMDHKEM_X25519_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_CHACHA20_POLY1305DHKEM_P256_HKDF_SHA256_HKDF_SHA256_AES_128_GCMDHKEM_P521_HKDF_SHA512_HKDF_SHA512_AES_256_GCM
Lihat RFC 9180 untuk detail selengkapnya tentang pilihan algoritme untuk KEM, KDF, dan AEAD.
Meskipun tidak lagi direkomendasikan, Tink juga mendukung beberapa variasi ECIES seperti yang dijelaskan dalam standar ISO 18033-2 Victor Shoup. Beberapa jenis kunci ECIES yang didukung tercantum di bawah:
ECIES_P256_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_GCMECIES_P256_COMPRESSED_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_GCMECIES_P256_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256ECIES_P256_COMPRESSED_HKDF_HMAC_SHA256_AES128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256
Properti minimal
- Teks biasa dan info konteks dapat memiliki panjang arbitrer (dalam rentang 0,232 byte)
- Mengamankan dari serangan ciphertext terpilih adaptif
- Keamanan 128-bit untuk skema berbasis kurva eliptis