More Complex Feature Crosses

Now let's play with some advanced feature cross combinations. The data set in this Playground exercise looks a bit like a noisy bullseye from a game of darts, with the blue dots in the middle and the orange dots in an outer ring.

Click the plus icon for an explanation of model visualization.

Each Playground exercise displays a visualization of the current state of the model. For example, here's a visualization:

Note the following about the model visualization:

• Each axis represents a specific feature. In the case of spam vs. not spam, the features could be the word count and the number of recipients of the email.
  Note: Appropriate axis values will depend on feature data. The axis values shown above would not make sense for word count or number of recipients, as neither can be negative.
• Each dot plots the feature values for one example of the data, such as an email.
• The color of the dot represents the class that the example belongs to. For example, the blue dots can represent non-spam emails while the orange dots can represent spam emails.
• The background color represents the model's prediction of where examples of that color should be found. A blue background around a blue dot means that the model is correctly predicting that example. Conversely, an orange background around a blue dot means that the model is incorrectly predicting that example.
• The background blues and oranges are scaled. For example, the left side of the visualization is solid blue but gradually fades to white in the center of the visualization. You can think of the color strength as suggesting the model's confidence in its guess. So solid blue means that the model is very confident about its guess and light blue means that the model is less confident. (The model visualization shown in the figure is doing a poor job of prediction.)

Use the visualization to judge your model's progress. ("Excellent—most of the blue dots have a blue background" or "Oh no! The blue dots have an orange background.") Beyond the colors, Playground also displays the model's current loss numerically. ("Oh no! Loss is going up instead of down.")

Task 1: Run this linear model as given. Spend a minute or two (but no longer) trying different learning rate settings to see if you can find any improvements. Can a linear model produce effective results for this data set?

Task 2: Now try adding in cross-product features, such as x₁x₂, trying to optimize performance.

• Which features help most?
• What is the best performance that you can get?

Task 3: When you have a good model, examine the model output surface (shown by the background color).

1. Does it look like a linear model?
2. How would you describe the model?

(Answers appear just below the exercise.)

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Click the plus icon for the answer to Task 1.

No. A linear model cannot effectively model this data set. Reducing the learning rate reduces loss, but loss still converges at an unacceptably high value.

Click the plus icon for an answer to Task 2.

Playground's data sets are randomly generated. Consequently, our answers may not always agree exactly with yours. In fact, if you regenerate the data set between runs, your own results won't always agree exactly with your previous runs. That said, you'll get better results by doing the following:

• Using both x₁² and x₂² as feature crosses. (Adding x₁x₂ as a feature cross doesn't appear to help.)
• Reducing the Learning rate, perhaps to 0.001.

Click the plus icon for an answer to Task 3.

The model output surface does not look like a linear model. Rather, it looks elliptical.