meridian.backend.numpy_function

Wraps a python function and uses it as a TensorFlow op.

meridian.backend.numpy_function(
    func=None, inp=None, Tout=None, stateful=True, name=None
)

Given a python function func wrap this function as an operation in a tf.function. func must take numpy arrays as its arguments and return numpy arrays as its outputs.

There are two ways to use tf.numpy_function.

As a decorator

When using tf.numpy_function as a decorator:

  • you must set Tout
  • you may set name
  • you must not set func or inp
>>> @tf.numpy_function(Tout=tf.float32)
... def my_numpy_func(x):
...   # x will be a numpy array with the contents of the input to the
...   # tf.function
...   print(f'executing eagerly, {x=}')
...   return np.sinh(x)

The function runs eagerly:

>>> my_numpy_func(1.0).numpy()
executing eagerly, x=1.0
1.17520

The behavior doesn't change inside a tf.function:

>>> @tf.function(input_signature=[tf.TensorSpec(None, tf.float32)])
... def tf_function(input):
...   y = tf.numpy_function(my_numpy_func, [input], tf.float32)
...   return y
>>> tf_function(tf.constant(1.)).numpy()
executing eagerly, x=array(1.)
1.17520

Inplace

This form can be useful if you don't control the function's source, but it is harder to read.

Here is the same function with no decorator:

>>> def my_func(x):
...   # x will be a numpy array with the contents of the input to the
...   # tf.function
...   print(f'executing eagerly, {x=}')
...   return np.sinh(x)

To run tf.numpy_function in-place, pass the function, its inputs, and the output type in a single call to tf.numpy_function:

>>> tf.numpy_function(my_func, [tf.constant(1.0)], tf.float32)
executing eagerly, x=array(1.)
1.17520

More info

Comparison to tf.py_function: tf.py_function and tf.numpy_function are very similar, except that tf.numpy_function takes numpy arrays, and not tf.Tensors. If you want the function to contain tf.Tensors, and have any TensorFlow operations executed in the function be differentiable, please use tf.py_function.

  • Calling tf.numpy_function will acquire the Python Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) that allows only one thread to run at any point in time. This will preclude efficient parallelization and distribution of the execution of the program. Therefore, you are discouraged to use tf.numpy_function outside of prototyping and experimentation.

  • The body of the function (i.e. func) will not be serialized in a tf.SavedModel. Therefore, you should not use this function if you need to serialize your model and restore it in a different environment.

  • The operation must run in the same address space as the Python program that calls tf.numpy_function(). If you are using distributed TensorFlow, you must run a tf.distribute.Server in the same process as the program that calls tf.numpy_function you must pin the created operation to a device in that server (e.g. using with tf.device():).

  • Currently tf.numpy_function is not compatible with XLA. Calling tf.numpy_function inside tf.function(jit_compile=True) will raise an error.

  • Since the function takes numpy arrays, you cannot take gradients through a numpy_function. If you require something that is differentiable, please consider using tf.py_function.

func A Python function, which accepts numpy.ndarray objects as arguments and returns a list of numpy.ndarray objects (or a single numpy.ndarray). This function must accept as many arguments as there are tensors in inp, and these argument types will match the corresponding tf.Tensor objects in inp. The returns numpy.ndarrays must match the number and types defined Tout. Important Note: Input and output numpy.ndarrays of func are not guaranteed to be copies. In some cases their underlying memory will be shared with the corresponding TensorFlow tensors. In-place modification or storing func input or return values in python datastructures without explicit (np.)copy can have non-deterministic consequences.
inp A list of tf.Tensor objects.
Tout A list or tuple of tensorflow data types or a single tensorflow data type if there is only one, indicating what func returns.
stateful (Boolean.) Setting this argument to False tells the runtime to treat the function as stateless, which enables certain optimizations. A function is stateless when given the same input it will return the same output and have no side effects; its only purpose is to have a return value. The behavior for a stateful function with the stateful argument False is undefined. In particular, caution should be taken when mutating the input arguments as this is a stateful operation.
name (Optional) A name for the operation.

* If func is None this returns a decorator that will ensure the decorated function will always run with eager execution even if called from a tf.function/tf.Graph. * If used func is not None this executes func with eager execution and returns the result: A single or list of tf.Tensor which func computes.