# Random public class **Random** extends [Object](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html) implements [Serializable](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/io/Serializable.html) |---|---|---| | Known Direct Subclasses [SecureRandom](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/security/SecureRandom.html), [ThreadLocalRandom](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/concurrent/ThreadLocalRandom.html) |---|---| | [SecureRandom](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/security/SecureRandom.html) | This class provides a cryptographically strong random number generator (RNG). | | [ThreadLocalRandom](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/concurrent/ThreadLocalRandom.html) | A random number generator isolated to the current thread. | ||| An instance of this class is used to generate a stream of pseudorandom numbers. The class uses a 48-bit seed, which is modified using a linear congruential formula. (See Donald Knuth, *The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2*, Section 3.2.1.) If two instances of `Random` are created with the same seed, and the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they will generate and return identical sequences of numbers. In order to guarantee this property, particular algorithms are specified for the class `Random`. Java implementations must use all the algorithms shown here for the class `Random`, for the sake of absolute portability of Java code. However, subclasses of class `Random` are permitted to use other algorithms, so long as they adhere to the general contracts for all the methods. The algorithms implemented by class `Random` use a `protected` utility method that on each invocation can supply up to 32 pseudorandomly generated bits. Many applications will find the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Math.html#random()` simpler to use. Instances of `java.util.Random` are threadsafe. However, the concurrent use of the same `java.util.Random` instance across threads may encounter contention and consequent poor performance. Consider instead using `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/concurrent/ThreadLocalRandom.html` in multithreaded designs. Instances of `java.util.Random` are not cryptographically secure. Consider instead using `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/security/SecureRandom.html` to get a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator for use by security-sensitive applications. ### Public Constructor Summary |---|---| | | [Random](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#Random())() Creates a new random number generator. | | | [Random](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#Random(long))(long seed) Creates a new random number generator using a single `long` seed. | ### Public Method Summary |---|---| | [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) | [doubles](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#doubles(long))(long streamSize) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `double` values, each between zero (inclusive) and one (exclusive). | | [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) | [doubles](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#doubles())() Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `double` values, each between zero (inclusive) and one (exclusive). | | [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) | [doubles](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#doubles(double,%20double))(double randomNumberOrigin, double randomNumberBound) Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `double` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). | | [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) | [doubles](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#doubles(long,%20double,%20double))(long streamSize, double randomNumberOrigin, double randomNumberBound) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `double` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). | | [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) | [ints](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#ints(long))(long streamSize) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `int` values. | | [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) | [ints](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#ints(long,%20int,%20int))(long streamSize, int randomNumberOrigin, int randomNumberBound) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `int` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). | | [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) | [ints](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#ints(int,%20int))(int randomNumberOrigin, int randomNumberBound) Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `int` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). | | [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) | [ints](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#ints())() Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `int` values. | | [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) | [longs](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#longs())() Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `long` values. | | [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) | [longs](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#longs(long))(long streamSize) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `long` values. | | [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) | [longs](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#longs(long,%20long))(long randomNumberOrigin, long randomNumberBound) Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `long` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). | | [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) | [longs](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#longs(long,%20long,%20long))(long streamSize, long randomNumberOrigin, long randomNumberBound) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `long`, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). | | boolean | [nextBoolean](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextBoolean())() Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `boolean` value from this random number generator's sequence. | | void | [nextBytes](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextBytes(byte[]))(byte\[\] bytes) Generates random bytes and places them into a user-supplied byte array. | | double | [nextDouble](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextDouble())() Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `double` value between `0.0` and `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence. | | float | [nextFloat](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextFloat())() Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `float` value between `0.0` and `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence. | | synchronized double | [nextGaussian](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextGaussian())() Returns the next pseudorandom, Gaussian ("normally") distributed `double` value with mean `0.0` and standard deviation `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence. | | int | [nextInt](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextInt())() Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `int` value from this random number generator's sequence. | | int | [nextInt](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextInt(int))(int bound) Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `int` value between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive), drawn from this random number generator's sequence. | | long | [nextLong](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextLong())() Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `long` value from this random number generator's sequence. | | synchronized void | [setSeed](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#setSeed(long))(long seed) Sets the seed of this random number generator using a single `long` seed. | ### Protected Method Summary |---|---| | int | [next](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#next(int))(int bits) Generates the next pseudorandom number. | ### Inherited Method Summary From class [java.lang.Object](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html) |---|---| | [Object](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html) | [clone](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#clone())() Creates and returns a copy of this `Object`. | | boolean | [equals](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#equals(java.lang.Object))([Object](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html) obj) Compares this instance with the specified object and indicates if they are equal. | | void | [finalize](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#finalize())() Invoked when the garbage collector has detected that this instance is no longer reachable. | | final [Class](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Class.html)\ | [getClass](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#getClass())() Returns the unique instance of `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Class.html` that represents this object's class. | | int | [hashCode](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode())() Returns an integer hash code for this object. | | final void | [notify](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#notify())() Causes a thread which is waiting on this object's monitor (by means of calling one of the `wait()` methods) to be woken up. | | final void | [notifyAll](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#notifyAll())() Causes all threads which are waiting on this object's monitor (by means of calling one of the `wait()` methods) to be woken up. | | [String](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/String.html) | [toString](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#toString())() Returns a string containing a concise, human-readable description of this object. | | final void | [wait](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#wait(long,%20int))(long timeout, int nanos) Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the `notify()` or `notifyAll()` method of this object or until the specified timeout expires. | | final void | [wait](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#wait(long))(long timeout) Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the `notify()` or `notifyAll()` method of this object or until the specified timeout expires. | | final void | [wait](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Object.html#wait())() Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the `notify()` or `notifyAll()` method of this object. | ## Public Constructors #### public **Random** () Creates a new random number generator. This constructor sets the seed of the random number generator to a value very likely to be distinct from any other invocation of this constructor. #### public **Random** (long seed) Creates a new random number generator using a single `long` seed. The seed is the initial value of the internal state of the pseudorandom number generator which is maintained by method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#next(int)`. The invocation `new Random(seed)` is equivalent to: Random rnd = new Random(); rnd.setSeed(seed);
##### Parameters | seed | the initial seed | |---|---| ##### See Also - `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#setSeed(long)` ## Public Methods #### public [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) **doubles** (long streamSize) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `double` values, each between zero (inclusive) and one (exclusive). A pseudorandom `double` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextDouble()`. ##### Parameters | streamSize | the number of values to generate | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of `double` values ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `streamSize` is less than zero | |---|---| #### public [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) **doubles** () Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `double` values, each between zero (inclusive) and one (exclusive). A pseudorandom `double` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextDouble()`. ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `double` values #### public [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) **doubles** (double randomNumberOrigin, double randomNumberBound) Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `double` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). A pseudorandom `double` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the following method with the origin and bound: double nextDouble(double origin, double bound) { double r = nextDouble(); r = r * (bound - origin) + origin; if (r >= bound) // correct for rounding r = Math.nextDown(bound); return r; }
##### Parameters | randomNumberOrigin | the origin (inclusive) of each random value | | randomNumberBound | the bound (exclusive) of each random value | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `double` values, each with the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive) ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `randomNumberOrigin` is greater than or equal to `randomNumberBound` | |---|---| #### public [DoubleStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/DoubleStream.html) **doubles** (long streamSize, double randomNumberOrigin, double randomNumberBound) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `double` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). A pseudorandom `double` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the following method with the origin and bound: double nextDouble(double origin, double bound) { double r = nextDouble(); r = r * (bound - origin) + origin; if (r >= bound) // correct for rounding r = Math.nextDown(bound); return r; }
##### Parameters | streamSize | the number of values to generate | | randomNumberOrigin | the origin (inclusive) of each random value | | randomNumberBound | the bound (exclusive) of each random value | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `double` values, each with the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive) ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `streamSize` is less than zero | | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `randomNumberOrigin` is greater than or equal to `randomNumberBound` | |---|---| #### public [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) **ints** (long streamSize) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `int` values. A pseudorandom `int` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextInt()`. ##### Parameters | streamSize | the number of values to generate | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `int` values ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `streamSize` is less than zero | |---|---| #### public [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) **ints** (long streamSize, int randomNumberOrigin, int randomNumberBound) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `int` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). A pseudorandom `int` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the following method with the origin and bound: int nextInt(int origin, int bound) { int n = bound - origin; if (n > 0) { return nextInt(n) + origin; } else { // range not representable as int int r; do { r = nextInt(); } while (r < origin || r >= bound); return r; } }
##### Parameters | streamSize | the number of values to generate | | randomNumberOrigin | the origin (inclusive) of each random value | | randomNumberBound | the bound (exclusive) of each random value | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `int` values, each with the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive) ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `streamSize` is less than zero, or `randomNumberOrigin` is greater than or equal to `randomNumberBound` | |---|---| #### public [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) **ints** (int randomNumberOrigin, int randomNumberBound) Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `int` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). A pseudorandom `int` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the following method with the origin and bound: int nextInt(int origin, int bound) { int n = bound - origin; if (n > 0) { return nextInt(n) + origin; } else { // range not representable as int int r; do { r = nextInt(); } while (r < origin || r >= bound); return r; } }
##### Parameters | randomNumberOrigin | the origin (inclusive) of each random value | | randomNumberBound | the bound (exclusive) of each random value | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `int` values, each with the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive) ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `randomNumberOrigin` is greater than or equal to `randomNumberBound` | |---|---| #### public [IntStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/IntStream.html) **ints** () Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `int` values. A pseudorandom `int` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextInt()`. ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `int` values #### public [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) **longs** () Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `long` values. A pseudorandom `long` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextLong()`. ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `long` values #### public [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) **longs** (long streamSize) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `long` values. A pseudorandom `long` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the method `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextLong()`. ##### Parameters | streamSize | the number of values to generate | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `long` values ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `streamSize` is less than zero | |---|---| #### public [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) **longs** (long randomNumberOrigin, long randomNumberBound) Returns an effectively unlimited stream of pseudorandom `long` values, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). A pseudorandom `long` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the following method with the origin and bound: long nextLong(long origin, long bound) { long r = nextLong(); long n = bound - origin, m = n - 1; if ((n & m) == 0L) // power of two r = (r & m) + origin; else if (n > 0L) { // reject over-represented candidates for (long u = r >>> 1; // ensure nonnegative u + m - (r = u % n) < 0L; // rejection check u = nextLong() >>> 1) // retry ; r += origin; } else { // range not representable as long while (r < origin || r >= bound) r = nextLong(); } return r; }
##### Parameters | randomNumberOrigin | the origin (inclusive) of each random value | | randomNumberBound | the bound (exclusive) of each random value | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `long` values, each with the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive) ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `randomNumberOrigin` is greater than or equal to `randomNumberBound` | |---|---| #### public [LongStream](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/stream/LongStream.html) **longs** (long streamSize, long randomNumberOrigin, long randomNumberBound) Returns a stream producing the given `streamSize` number of pseudorandom `long`, each conforming to the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive). A pseudorandom `long` value is generated as if it's the result of calling the following method with the origin and bound: long nextLong(long origin, long bound) { long r = nextLong(); long n = bound - origin, m = n - 1; if ((n & m) == 0L) // power of two r = (r & m) + origin; else if (n > 0L) { // reject over-represented candidates for (long u = r >>> 1; // ensure nonnegative u + m - (r = u % n) < 0L; // rejection check u = nextLong() >>> 1) // retry ; r += origin; } else { // range not representable as long while (r < origin || r >= bound) r = nextLong(); } return r; }
##### Parameters | streamSize | the number of values to generate | | randomNumberOrigin | the origin (inclusive) of each random value | | randomNumberBound | the bound (exclusive) of each random value | |---|---| ##### Returns - a stream of pseudorandom `long` values, each with the given origin (inclusive) and bound (exclusive) ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if `streamSize` is less than zero, or `randomNumberOrigin` is greater than or equal to `randomNumberBound` | |---|---| #### public boolean **nextBoolean** () Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `boolean` value from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextBoolean` is that one `boolean` value is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The values `true` and `false` are produced with (approximately) equal probability. The method `nextBoolean` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public boolean nextBoolean() { return next(1) != 0; }
##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `boolean` value from this random number generator's sequence #### public void **nextBytes** (byte\[\] bytes) Generates random bytes and places them into a user-supplied byte array. The number of random bytes produced is equal to the length of the byte array. The method `nextBytes` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public void nextBytes(byte[] bytes) { for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; ) for (int rnd = nextInt(), n = Math.min(bytes.length - i, 4); n-- > 0; rnd >>= 8) bytes[i++] = (byte)rnd; }
##### Parameters | bytes | the byte array to fill with random bytes | |---|---| ##### Throws | [NullPointerException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/NullPointerException.html) | if the byte array is null | |---|---| #### public double **nextDouble** () Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `double` value between `0.0` and `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextDouble` is that one `double` value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the range `0.0d` (inclusive) to `1.0d` (exclusive), is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The method `nextDouble` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public double nextDouble() { return (((long)next(26) << 27) + next(27)) / (double)(1L << 53); } The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only because the `next` method is only approximately an unbiased source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose `double` values from the stated range with perfect uniformity. \[In early versions of Java, the result was incorrectly calculated as: return (((long)next(27) << 27) + next(27)) / (double)(1L << 54); This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it introduced a large nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding of floating-point numbers: it was three times as likely that the low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be 1! This nonuniformity probably doesn't matter much in practice, but we strive for perfection.\]
##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `double` value between `0.0` and `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence ##### See Also - `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/Math.html#random()` #### public float **nextFloat** () Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `float` value between `0.0` and `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextFloat` is that one `float` value, chosen (approximately) uniformly from the range `0.0f` (inclusive) to `1.0f` (exclusive), is pseudorandomly generated and returned. All 2^24^ possible `float` values of the form *m x *2^-24^, where *m* is a positive integer less than 2^24^, are produced with (approximately) equal probability. The method `nextFloat` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public float nextFloat() { return next(24) / ((float)(1 << 24)); } The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose `float` values from the stated range with perfect uniformity. \[In early versions of Java, the result was incorrectly calculated as: return next(30) / ((float)(1 << 30)); This might seem to be equivalent, if not better, but in fact it introduced a slight nonuniformity because of the bias in the rounding of floating-point numbers: it was slightly more likely that the low-order bit of the significand would be 0 than that it would be 1.\]
##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `float` value between `0.0` and `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence #### public synchronized double **nextGaussian** () Returns the next pseudorandom, Gaussian ("normally") distributed `double` value with mean `0.0` and standard deviation `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextGaussian` is that one `double` value, chosen from (approximately) the usual normal distribution with mean `0.0` and standard deviation `1.0`, is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The method `nextGaussian` is implemented by class `Random` as if by a threadsafe version of the following: private double nextNextGaussian; private boolean haveNextNextGaussian = false; public double nextGaussian() { if (haveNextNextGaussian) { haveNextNextGaussian = false; return nextNextGaussian; } else { double v1, v2, s; do { v1 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1.0 and 1.0 v2 = 2 * nextDouble() - 1; // between -1.0 and 1.0 s = v1 * v1 + v2 * v2; } while (s >= 1 || s == 0); double multiplier = StrictMath.sqrt(-2 * StrictMath.log(s)/s); nextNextGaussian = v2 * multiplier; haveNextNextGaussian = true; return v1 * multiplier; } } This uses the *polar method* of G. E. P. Box, M. E. Muller, and G. Marsaglia, as described by Donald E. Knuth in *The Art of Computer Programming*, Volume 3: *Seminumerical Algorithms*, section 3.4.1, subsection C, algorithm P. Note that it generates two independent values at the cost of only one call to `StrictMath.log` and one call to `StrictMath.sqrt`.
##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, Gaussian ("normally") distributed `double` value with mean `0.0` and standard deviation `1.0` from this random number generator's sequence #### public int **nextInt** () Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `int` value from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextInt` is that one `int` value is pseudorandomly generated and returned. All 2^32^ possible `int` values are produced with (approximately) equal probability. The method `nextInt` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public int nextInt() { return next(32); }
##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `int` value from this random number generator's sequence #### public int **nextInt** (int bound) Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `int` value between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive), drawn from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextInt` is that one `int` value in the specified range is pseudorandomly generated and returned. All `bound` possible `int` values are produced with (approximately) equal probability. The method `nextInt(int bound)` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public int nextInt(int bound) { if (bound <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("bound must be positive"); if ((bound & -bound) == bound) // i.e., bound is a power of 2 return (int)((bound * (long)next(31)) >> 31); int bits, val; do { bits = next(31); val = bits % bound; } while (bits - val + (bound-1) < 0); return val; } The hedge "approximately" is used in the foregoing description only because the next method is only approximately an unbiased source of independently chosen bits. If it were a perfect source of randomly chosen bits, then the algorithm shown would choose `int` values from the stated range with perfect uniformity. The algorithm is slightly tricky. It rejects values that would result in an uneven distribution (due to the fact that 2\^31 is not divisible by n). The probability of a value being rejected depends on n. The worst case is n=2\^30+1, for which the probability of a reject is 1/2, and the expected number of iterations before the loop terminates is 2. The algorithm treats the case where n is a power of two specially: it returns the correct number of high-order bits from the underlying pseudo-random number generator. In the absence of special treatment, the correct number of *low-order* bits would be returned. Linear congruential pseudo-random number generators such as the one implemented by this class are known to have short periods in the sequence of values of their low-order bits. Thus, this special case greatly increases the length of the sequence of values returned by successive calls to this method if n is a small power of two. ##### Parameters | bound | the upper bound (exclusive). Must be positive. | |---|---| ##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `int` value between zero (inclusive) and `bound` (exclusive) from this random number generator's sequence ##### Throws | [IllegalArgumentException](https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html) | if bound is not positive | |---|---| #### public long **nextLong** () Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `long` value from this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of `nextLong` is that one `long` value is pseudorandomly generated and returned. The method `nextLong` is implemented by class `Random` as if by: public long nextLong() { return ((long)next(32) << 32) + next(32); } Because class `Random` uses a seed with only 48 bits, this algorithm will not return all possible `long` values.
##### Returns - the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed `long` value from this random number generator's sequence #### public synchronized void **setSeed** (long seed) Sets the seed of this random number generator using a single `long` seed. The general contract of `setSeed` is that it alters the state of this random number generator object so as to be in exactly the same state as if it had just been created with the argument `seed` as a seed. The method `setSeed` is implemented by class `Random` by atomically updating the seed to (seed ^ 0x5DEECE66DL) & ((1L << 48) - 1) and clearing the `haveNextNextGaussian` flag used by `https://developers.google.com/j2objc/javadoc/jre/reference/java/util/Random.html#nextGaussian()`. The implementation of `setSeed` by class `Random` happens to use only 48 bits of the given seed. In general, however, an overriding method may use all 64 bits of the `long` argument as a seed value. ##### Parameters | seed | the initial seed | |---|---| ## Protected Methods #### protected int **next** (int bits) Generates the next pseudorandom number. Subclasses should override this, as this is used by all other methods. The general contract of `next` is that it returns an `int` value and if the argument `bits` is between `1` and `32` (inclusive), then that many low-order bits of the returned value will be (approximately) independently chosen bit values, each of which is (approximately) equally likely to be `0` or `1`. The method `next` is implemented by class `Random` by atomically updating the seed to (seed * 0x5DEECE66DL + 0xBL) & ((1L << 48) - 1) and returning (int)(seed >>> (48 - bits)). This is a linear congruential pseudorandom number generator, as defined by D. H. Lehmer and described by Donald E. Knuth in *The Art of Computer Programming,* Volume 3: *Seminumerical Algorithms*, section 3.2.1.
##### Parameters | bits | random bits | |---|---| ##### Returns - the next pseudorandom value from this random number generator's sequence