CharsetEncoder

public abstract class CharsetEncoder extends Object

An engine that can transform a sequence of sixteen-bit Unicode characters into a sequence of bytes in a specific charset.

The input character sequence is provided in a character buffer or a series of such buffers. The output byte sequence is written to a byte buffer or a series of such buffers. An encoder should always be used by making the following sequence of method invocations, hereinafter referred to as an encoding operation:

1. Reset the encoder via the reset method, unless it has not been used before;

2. Invoke the encode method zero or more times, as long as additional input may be available, passing false for the endOfInput argument and filling the input buffer and flushing the output buffer between invocations;

3. Invoke the encode method one final time, passing true for the endOfInput argument; and then

4. Invoke the flush method so that the encoder can flush any internal state to the output buffer.

Each invocation of the encode method will encode as many characters as possible from the input buffer, writing the resulting bytes to the output buffer. The encode method returns when more input is required, when there is not enough room in the output buffer, or when an encoding error has occurred. In each case a CoderResult object is returned to describe the reason for termination. An invoker can examine this object and fill the input buffer, flush the output buffer, or attempt to recover from an encoding error, as appropriate, and try again.

There are two general types of encoding errors. If the input character sequence is not a legal sixteen-bit Unicode sequence then the input is considered malformed. If the input character sequence is legal but cannot be mapped to a valid byte sequence in the given charset then an unmappable character has been encountered.

How an encoding error is handled depends upon the action requested for that type of error, which is described by an instance of the CodingErrorAction class. The possible error actions are to {@linkplain CodingErrorAction#IGNORE ignore} the erroneous input, {@linkplain CodingErrorAction#REPORT report} the error to the invoker via the returned CoderResult object, or {@linkplain CodingErrorAction#REPLACE replace} the erroneous input with the current value of the replacement byte array. The replacement is initially set to the encoder's default replacement, which often (but not always) has the initial value { (byte)'?' }; its value may be changed via the replaceWith method.

The default action for malformed-input and unmappable-character errors is to {@linkplain CodingErrorAction#REPORT report} them. The malformed-input error action may be changed via the onMalformedInput method; the unmappable-character action may be changed via the onUnmappableCharacter method.

This class is designed to handle many of the details of the encoding process, including the implementation of error actions. An encoder for a specific charset, which is a concrete subclass of this class, need only implement the abstract encodeLoop method, which encapsulates the basic encoding loop. A subclass that maintains internal state should, additionally, override the implFlush and implReset methods.

Instances of this class are not safe for use by multiple concurrent threads.

See Also

• ByteBuffer
• CharBuffer
• Charset
• CharsetDecoder

Protected Constructor Summary

	CharsetEncoder(Charset cs, float averageBytesPerChar, float maxBytesPerChar, byte[] replacement) Initializes a new encoder.
	CharsetEncoder(Charset cs, float averageBytesPerChar, float maxBytesPerChar) Initializes a new encoder.

Public Method Summary

final float	averageBytesPerChar() Returns the average number of bytes that will be produced for each character of input.
boolean	canEncode(char c) Tells whether or not this encoder can encode the given character.
boolean	canEncode(CharSequence cs) Tells whether or not this encoder can encode the given character sequence.
final Charset	charset() Returns the charset that created this encoder.
final ByteBuffer	encode(CharBuffer in) Convenience method that encodes the remaining content of a single input character buffer into a newly-allocated byte buffer.
final CoderResult	encode(CharBuffer in, ByteBuffer out, boolean endOfInput) Encodes as many characters as possible from the given input buffer, writing the results to the given output buffer.
final CoderResult	flush(ByteBuffer out) Flushes this encoder.
boolean	isLegalReplacement(byte[] repl) Tells whether or not the given byte array is a legal replacement value for this encoder.
CodingErrorAction	malformedInputAction() Returns this encoder's current action for malformed-input errors.
final float	maxBytesPerChar() Returns the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for each character of input.
final CharsetEncoder	onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction newAction) Changes this encoder's action for malformed-input errors.
final CharsetEncoder	onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction newAction) Changes this encoder's action for unmappable-character errors.
final CharsetEncoder	replaceWith(byte[] newReplacement) Changes this encoder's replacement value.
final byte[]	replacement() Returns this encoder's replacement value.
final CharsetEncoder	reset() Resets this encoder, clearing any internal state.
CodingErrorAction	unmappableCharacterAction() Returns this encoder's current action for unmappable-character errors.

Protected Method Summary

abstract CoderResult	encodeLoop(CharBuffer in, ByteBuffer out) Encodes one or more characters into one or more bytes.
CoderResult	implFlush(ByteBuffer out) Flushes this encoder.
void	implOnMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction newAction) Reports a change to this encoder's malformed-input action.
void	implOnUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction newAction) Reports a change to this encoder's unmappable-character action.
void	implReplaceWith(byte[] newReplacement) Reports a change to this encoder's replacement value.
void	implReset() Resets this encoder, clearing any charset-specific internal state.

Inherited Method Summary

From class java.lang.Object

Object	clone() Creates and returns a copy of this Object.
boolean	equals(Object obj) Compares this instance with the specified object and indicates if they are equal.
void	finalize() Invoked when the garbage collector has detected that this instance is no longer reachable.
final Class<?>	getClass() Returns the unique instance of Class that represents this object's class.
int	hashCode() Returns an integer hash code for this object.
final void	notify() Causes a thread which is waiting on this object's monitor (by means of calling one of the wait() methods) to be woken up.
final void	notifyAll() Causes all threads which are waiting on this object's monitor (by means of calling one of the wait() methods) to be woken up.
String	toString() Returns a string containing a concise, human-readable description of this object.
final void	wait(long timeout, int nanos) Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the notify() or notifyAll() method of this object or until the specified timeout expires.
final void	wait(long timeout) Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the notify() or notifyAll() method of this object or until the specified timeout expires.
final void	wait() Causes the calling thread to wait until another thread calls the notify() or notifyAll() method of this object.

Protected Constructors

protected CharsetEncoder (Charset cs, float averageBytesPerChar, float maxBytesPerChar, byte[] replacement)

Initializes a new encoder. The new encoder will have the given bytes-per-char and replacement values.

Parameters

cs	The charset that created this encoder
averageBytesPerChar	A positive float value indicating the expected number of bytes that will be produced for each input character
maxBytesPerChar	A positive float value indicating the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for each input character
replacement	The initial replacement; must not be null, must have non-zero length, must not be longer than maxBytesPerChar, and must be {@linkplain #isLegalReplacement legal}

Throws

IllegalArgumentException	If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold

protected CharsetEncoder (Charset cs, float averageBytesPerChar, float maxBytesPerChar)

Initializes a new encoder. The new encoder will have the given bytes-per-char values and its replacement will be the byte array { (byte)'?' }.

Parameters

cs	The charset that created this encoder
averageBytesPerChar	A positive float value indicating the expected number of bytes that will be produced for each input character
maxBytesPerChar	A positive float value indicating the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for each input character

Throws

IllegalArgumentException	If the preconditions on the parameters do not hold

Public Methods

public final float averageBytesPerChar ()

Returns the average number of bytes that will be produced for each character of input. This heuristic value may be used to estimate the size of the output buffer required for a given input sequence.

Returns

• The average number of bytes produced per character of input

public boolean canEncode (char c)

Tells whether or not this encoder can encode the given character.

This method returns false if the given character is a surrogate character; such characters can be interpreted only when they are members of a pair consisting of a high surrogate followed by a low surrogate. The canEncode(CharSequence) method may be used to test whether or not a character sequence can be encoded.

This method may modify this encoder's state; it should therefore not be invoked if an encoding operation is already in progress.

The default implementation of this method is not very efficient; it should generally be overridden to improve performance.

Parameters

c	The given character

Returns

• true if, and only if, this encoder can encode the given character

Throws

IllegalStateException	If an encoding operation is already in progress

public boolean canEncode (CharSequence cs)

Tells whether or not this encoder can encode the given character sequence.

If this method returns false for a particular character sequence then more information about why the sequence cannot be encoded may be obtained by performing a full encoding operation.

This method may modify this encoder's state; it should therefore not be invoked if an encoding operation is already in progress.

The default implementation of this method is not very efficient; it should generally be overridden to improve performance.

Parameters

cs	The given character sequence

Returns

• true if, and only if, this encoder can encode the given character without throwing any exceptions and without performing any replacements

Throws

IllegalStateException	If an encoding operation is already in progress

public final Charset charset ()

Returns the charset that created this encoder.

Returns

• This encoder's charset

public final ByteBuffer encode (CharBuffer in)

Convenience method that encodes the remaining content of a single input character buffer into a newly-allocated byte buffer.

This method implements an entire encoding operation; that is, it resets this encoder, then it encodes the characters in the given character buffer, and finally it flushes this encoder. This method should therefore not be invoked if an encoding operation is already in progress.

Parameters

in	The input character buffer

Returns

• A newly-allocated byte buffer containing the result of the encoding operation. The buffer's position will be zero and its limit will follow the last byte written.

Throws

IllegalStateException	If an encoding operation is already in progress
MalformedInputException	If the character sequence starting at the input buffer's current position is not a legal sixteen-bit Unicode sequence and the current malformed-input action is CodingErrorAction.REPORT
UnmappableCharacterException	If the character sequence starting at the input buffer's current position cannot be mapped to an equivalent byte sequence and the current unmappable-character action is CodingErrorAction.REPORT
CharacterCodingException

public final CoderResult encode (CharBuffer in, ByteBuffer out, boolean endOfInput)

Encodes as many characters as possible from the given input buffer, writing the results to the given output buffer.

The buffers are read from, and written to, starting at their current positions. At most in.remaining() characters will be read and at most out.remaining() bytes will be written. The buffers' positions will be advanced to reflect the characters read and the bytes written, but their marks and limits will not be modified.

In addition to reading characters from the input buffer and writing bytes to the output buffer, this method returns a CoderResult object to describe its reason for termination:

• CoderResult.UNDERFLOW indicates that as much of the input buffer as possible has been encoded. If there is no further input then the invoker can proceed to the next step of the encoding operation. Otherwise this method should be invoked again with further input.

• CoderResult.OVERFLOW indicates that there is insufficient space in the output buffer to encode any more characters. This method should be invoked again with an output buffer that has more {@linkplain Buffer#remaining remaining} bytes. This is typically done by draining any encoded bytes from the output buffer.

• A {@linkplain CoderResult#malformedForLength malformed-input} result indicates that a malformed-input error has been detected. The malformed characters begin at the input buffer's (possibly incremented) position; the number of malformed characters may be determined by invoking the result object's length method. This case applies only if the {@linkplain #onMalformedInput malformed action} of this encoder is CodingErrorAction.REPORT; otherwise the malformed input will be ignored or replaced, as requested.

• An {@linkplain CoderResult#unmappableForLength unmappable-character} result indicates that an unmappable-character error has been detected. The characters that encode the unmappable character begin at the input buffer's (possibly incremented) position; the number of such characters may be determined by invoking the result object's length method. This case applies only if the {@linkplain #onUnmappableCharacter unmappable action} of this encoder is CodingErrorAction.REPORT; otherwise the unmappable character will be ignored or replaced, as requested.

In any case, if this method is to be reinvoked in the same encoding operation then care should be taken to preserve any characters remaining in the input buffer so that they are available to the next invocation.

The endOfInput parameter advises this method as to whether the invoker can provide further input beyond that contained in the given input buffer. If there is a possibility of providing additional input then the invoker should pass false for this parameter; if there is no possibility of providing further input then the invoker should pass true. It is not erroneous, and in fact it is quite common, to pass false in one invocation and later discover that no further input was actually available. It is critical, however, that the final invocation of this method in a sequence of invocations always pass true so that any remaining unencoded input will be treated as being malformed.

This method works by invoking the encodeLoop method, interpreting its results, handling error conditions, and reinvoking it as necessary.

Parameters

in	The input character buffer
out	The output byte buffer
endOfInput	true if, and only if, the invoker can provide no additional input characters beyond those in the given buffer

Returns

• A coder-result object describing the reason for termination

Throws

IllegalStateException	If an encoding operation is already in progress and the previous step was an invocation neither of the reset method, nor of this method with a value of false for the endOfInput parameter, nor of this method with a value of true for the endOfInput parameter but a return value indicating an incomplete encoding operation
CoderMalfunctionError	If an invocation of the encodeLoop method threw an unexpected exception

public final CoderResult flush (ByteBuffer out)

Flushes this encoder.

Some encoders maintain internal state and may need to write some final bytes to the output buffer once the overall input sequence has been read.

Any additional output is written to the output buffer beginning at its current position. At most out.remaining() bytes will be written. The buffer's position will be advanced appropriately, but its mark and limit will not be modified.

If this method completes successfully then it returns CoderResult.UNDERFLOW. If there is insufficient room in the output buffer then it returns CoderResult.OVERFLOW. If this happens then this method must be invoked again, with an output buffer that has more room, in order to complete the current encoding operation.

If this encoder has already been flushed then invoking this method has no effect.

This method invokes the implFlush method to perform the actual flushing operation.

Parameters

out	The output byte buffer

Returns

• A coder-result object, either CoderResult.UNDERFLOW or CoderResult.OVERFLOW

Throws

IllegalStateException	If the previous step of the current encoding operation was an invocation neither of the flush method nor of the three-argument encode method with a value of true for the endOfInput parameter

public boolean isLegalReplacement (byte[] repl)

Tells whether or not the given byte array is a legal replacement value for this encoder.

A replacement is legal if, and only if, it is a legal sequence of bytes in this encoder's charset; that is, it must be possible to decode the replacement into one or more sixteen-bit Unicode characters.

The default implementation of this method is not very efficient; it should generally be overridden to improve performance.

Parameters

repl	The byte array to be tested

Returns

• true if, and only if, the given byte array is a legal replacement value for this encoder

public CodingErrorAction malformedInputAction ()

Returns this encoder's current action for malformed-input errors.

Returns

• The current malformed-input action, which is never null

public final float maxBytesPerChar ()

Returns the maximum number of bytes that will be produced for each character of input. This value may be used to compute the worst-case size of the output buffer required for a given input sequence.

Returns

• The maximum number of bytes that will be produced per character of input

public final CharsetEncoder onMalformedInput (CodingErrorAction newAction)

Changes this encoder's action for malformed-input errors.

This method invokes the implOnMalformedInput method, passing the new action.

Parameters

newAction	The new action; must not be null

Returns

• This encoder

Throws

IllegalArgumentException	If the precondition on the parameter does not hold

public final CharsetEncoder onUnmappableCharacter (CodingErrorAction newAction)

Changes this encoder's action for unmappable-character errors.

This method invokes the implOnUnmappableCharacter method, passing the new action.

Parameters

newAction	The new action; must not be null

Returns

• This encoder

Throws

IllegalArgumentException	If the precondition on the parameter does not hold

public final CharsetEncoder replaceWith (byte[] newReplacement)

Changes this encoder's replacement value.

This method invokes the implReplaceWith method, passing the new replacement, after checking that the new replacement is acceptable.

Parameters

newReplacement	The replacement value The new replacement; must not be null, must have non-zero length, must not be longer than the value returned by the maxBytesPerChar method, and must be legal

Returns

• This encoder

Throws

IllegalArgumentException	If the preconditions on the parameter do not hold

public final byte[] replacement ()

Returns this encoder's replacement value.

Returns

• This encoder's current replacement, which is never null and is never empty

public final CharsetEncoder reset ()

Resets this encoder, clearing any internal state.

This method resets charset-independent state and also invokes the implReset method in order to perform any charset-specific reset actions.

Returns

• This encoder

public CodingErrorAction unmappableCharacterAction ()

Returns this encoder's current action for unmappable-character errors.

Returns

• The current unmappable-character action, which is never null

Protected Methods

protected abstract CoderResult encodeLoop (CharBuffer in, ByteBuffer out)

Encodes one or more characters into one or more bytes.

This method encapsulates the basic encoding loop, encoding as many characters as possible until it either runs out of input, runs out of room in the output buffer, or encounters an encoding error. This method is invoked by the encode method, which handles result interpretation and error recovery.

The buffers are read from, and written to, starting at their current positions. At most in.remaining() characters will be read, and at most out.remaining() bytes will be written. The buffers' positions will be advanced to reflect the characters read and the bytes written, but their marks and limits will not be modified.

This method returns a CoderResult object to describe its reason for termination, in the same manner as the encode method. Most implementations of this method will handle encoding errors by returning an appropriate result object for interpretation by the encode method. An optimized implementation may instead examine the relevant error action and implement that action itself.

An implementation of this method may perform arbitrary lookahead by returning CoderResult.UNDERFLOW until it receives sufficient input.

Parameters

in	The input character buffer
out	The output byte buffer

Returns

• A coder-result object describing the reason for termination

protected CoderResult implFlush (ByteBuffer out)

Flushes this encoder.

The default implementation of this method does nothing, and always returns CoderResult.UNDERFLOW. This method should be overridden by encoders that may need to write final bytes to the output buffer once the entire input sequence has been read.

Parameters

out	The output byte buffer

Returns

• A coder-result object, either CoderResult.UNDERFLOW or CoderResult.OVERFLOW

protected void implOnMalformedInput (CodingErrorAction newAction)

Reports a change to this encoder's malformed-input action.

The default implementation of this method does nothing. This method should be overridden by encoders that require notification of changes to the malformed-input action.

Parameters

newAction	The new action

protected void implOnUnmappableCharacter (CodingErrorAction newAction)

Reports a change to this encoder's unmappable-character action.

The default implementation of this method does nothing. This method should be overridden by encoders that require notification of changes to the unmappable-character action.

Parameters

newAction	The new action

protected void implReplaceWith (byte[] newReplacement)

Reports a change to this encoder's replacement value.

The default implementation of this method does nothing. This method should be overridden by encoders that require notification of changes to the replacement.

Parameters

newReplacement	The replacement value

protected void implReset ()

Resets this encoder, clearing any charset-specific internal state.

The default implementation of this method does nothing. This method should be overridden by encoders that maintain internal state.